Audio Recording Essay -- audio sound

Thomas Edison was responsible for the first audio recording back in 1877, using a phonograph to record the impressions into a tin-wrapped cylinder. He promptly applied for a patent, and was granted one the next February. This first model held the field for a few years, until 1881, when Charles Tainter in Volta Labs developed the first lateral-cut records (similar to the vinyl records we’re familiar with). Unfortunately, he had not developed a method of playback, just recording. This held until 1885, when Tainter cooperated with Chichester Bell to create vertically-cut cylinders coated in wax as the medium for the new recording practice. These had the unfortunate downside of being exceedingly fragile. Finally, in 1887 Emile Berliner developed another gramophone using a lateral-cut medium. This method had the added bonus of being easily duplicated through electroplating. These three models competed in the market until later that year, when Edison developed a battery-powered version of his gramophone. That same year, Berliner developed his means of mass-production, copying onto hard rubber. All gramophones at this point had a capacity of a few minutes per disc. In 1889, the Columbia Phonograph Company was organized (grandpappy to the modern Columbia Music), who was also the first publisher of a music catalog. The next year saw the fielding of the first jukebox, which pulled in over $1000 (in 1890!) in its first six months. 1893 saw the boom of Berliner’s model, to which ends he incorporated the Berliner Gramophone Co. A few years later he discovered a new shellac that proved a better medium than rubber. Around the same time, 1894 to be exact, the world saw Marconi’s first radio, which he promptly took to America and... ...han PCM tend to be susceptible to data loss because they reference the previous measurement and merely indicate the change between them. This is typically solved by enclosing multiple copies of the data in a single file. Although it defies common sense, it is actually more efficient to record a particular sound byte in ADPCM and enclose, say, four copies, than it is to encode a single PCM copy. Sources: Digital Recording Techniques – http://www.digital-recordings.com/publ/pubrec.html Giancoli, Physics Principles with Applications, 5-E Chapter 12 -- Applications – http://cwx.prenhall.com/giancoli/chapter12/essay2/deluxe-content.html HyperPhysics Concepts - http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/sound/soucon.html Recording Technology History - http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/notes.html Sound - http://www.smgaels.org/physics/sound_1.htm

World War II: What Made Allied Victory Possible

The Second World War was the most important event in the 20th century. It changed the course of history when the destruction caused by the conflict resulted in changing the power structure in Europe. At the end of the war the economies of Germany, Japan, France, and the United Kingdom was threatened due to war reparations and the cost of human lives. But the United States who waged war from a distance came out of the war as the new global superpower. But in the first two years of the second global conflict there was no indication that Axis Powers will lose the war. It was only after Germany engaged the enemy on two fronts and when the United States joined the fray that the Allied Powers were able to gather enough strength to defeat Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, and Fascist Italy. Background It is impossible to understand World War II without going back a few decades and study the First World War. This is because the first and second global conflict had one common denominator – Germany as the main player and main loser for both events. In World War I Germany was in the center of the conflict as it tried to honor an alliance with the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The heir to the Astro-Hungarian Empire was assassinated by someone who had links to the Serbian government. Thus the Hapsburg Empire was forced to issue an ultimatum to Serbia. The Serbian government in turn had pride and honor at stake and this prevented them from acceding to their demands. Russia was sympathetic to Serbia and promised to assist her if Germany will support the Hapsburg government. The only problem here is that Russia was allied to France and Britain. The Triple Entente composed of Britain, France and Russia was bound by an accord that the triumvirate signed in 1907 (Neiberg, 2005). On the other hand, the opposing team, the Central Powers composed of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria were bound by their own treaties and alliances as well (Neiberg, 2005). And so begins the chain reaction of events that would escalate the conflict in Europe. To make the long story short the Central Powers were defeated by the Triple Entente. It is interesting to note that after the First World War Bulgaria, Austria-Hungary Empire and Turkey were reduced to almost nothing. Germany suffered the same fate, humiliated and without the capability to rise up again as an empire. All of that began to change two decades later when an ambitious young leader by the name of Adolph Hitler – he was a corporal in World War I – was able to inspire the German people that they can repossessed what was taken from them. In the 1930s Hitler with his charisma and visionary leadership was able to create a Nazi party that would soon threaten the whole world. Nazi Germany’s Early Success There are many reasons why Nazi Germany was militarily successful in the first two years of the war. First of all, Hitler’s Nazi party, the engine that runs the war campaign had the support of the German people. According to Fulbrook, â€Å"For much of the 1930s, they experienced a certain congruence of aims with the Nazis, in the areas of economic regeneration under authoritarian, anti-union auspices, and rearmament and revision of the hated Treaty of Versailles† (1991). Aside from the popularity of the Nazi party, German forces were successful in war because of Hitler’s visionary leadership as well as his decisiveness when it comes to enforicing Nazi foreign policy. Hitler was able to communicate so clearly how Germany would rise again and take back what belongs to them. He was able to show the German people that if they will do it right this time, then never again will outsiders ridicule them. His vision will be realized if the German people will support his foreign policy program. As mentioned earlier this will entail the revising of the Treaty of Versailles – an armistice with the victors of World War I that proved to be disastrous for Germany. Secondly, Hitler’s foreign policy requires the incorporation of Austria and transforming Czechoslovakia and Poland into satellite states; then confronting France and then Russia before going after world domination (Fulbrook, 1991). This foreign policy program may have been a byproduct of the Fuhrer’s false sense of superiority but one has to admit that it inspired the German people. For those who doubt they only need to review war films and pictures that show enthusiastic German soldiers eager to lay their lives for Hitler’s dream of a Third Reich. War Weary Europe The Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1918. In 1938 Hitler’s army marched triumphantly into Austria without firing a single shot; it was a bloodless invasion. In 1938 Europe was only two decades removed from the bloodiest European conflict in recent history. The Europeans could still feel the impact of the First World War where millions of young men died from senseless violence. Now here comes Hitler, with an army determined to fight old enemies once again in the blood drenched battlefields of Europe. It was clear that France and Britain are not interested for a repeat performance. It was clear for Hitler and his cohorts that Britain is their number one problem. But Britain was not the same empire that terrorized many in the 18th and 19th century. In the 1930s it was a shell of its former self. It had to go through a bloody war with its American colonies and in 1914 to 1918 participated in the first global war. Britain was war weary as the rest of Europe. Aside form that the British had to deal with a lot of problems as a result of having many colonies around the world (Rock, 2000). Hitler apparently understood that Britain will not stand in his way and so Hitler began to move his troops to continue his conquest and next stop was Czechoslovakia. This prompted action from the Britain but they did not wish to fight Germany, only to negotiate. The then British Prime Minister Chamberlain tried to diffuse the situation by offering appeasement to Germany. At the end of the Munich Conference in 1938, there were certain borders of Czechoslovakia that was ceded to Nazi Germany (Fulbrook, 2005). Chamberlain declared that peace was achieved and war averted but he did not realize that Hitler was merely warming up. Less than a year later Hitler invaded what was left of Czechoslovakia and was met with little resistance. At this point Hitler has become a European bully; but no one was strong enough to stand against him. Leaders from France and Britain tried their best to be strategic and not use their emotions in making decisions. Meanwhile Hitler made another brilliant move when he secured a pact with Russia. By doing so Hitler will be assured that in the event of an escalation of conflict he will not have to fight a war in two fronts. Hitler began to make another major campaign, this time he wanted to get Poland. But Britain said no and then went further to assure the Polish government that Great Britain is ready to help her against foreign invaders. But by this time, â€Å"†¦Hitler had by now formed the impression that Britain was essentially weak and vacillating, and would not stand by its guarantee† (Fulbrook, 2005). Less than a year after the Munich Conference Nazi Germany invaded Poland in 1939. In a lighting campaign (Blitzkrieg) German forces overwhelmed Poland in less than three weeks of fighting (Fulbrook, 2005). Britain and France declared war on Germany. Hitler’s Army Aside from Hitler’s charisma, vision and decisive leadership, another important aspect of Nazi Germany is the presence of elite soldiers called the German SS or Schutzstaffeln. These were handpicked men that were groomed to become an elite fighting unit. The German SS would, â€Å"†¦spearhead some of the most crucial battles of WWII while its men would shoulder some of the most difficult and daunting combat operations of the units in the German military† (GermanWArMachine, 2007). In 1929 Hitler asked his most trusted aide, Heinrich Himmler to form an elite force that will safeguard the Nazi Party, â€Å"†¦a troop dependable in every circumstance† (Stein, 1984). And that is what he got. After undergoing a process of difficult training and learning how to best serve under the Third Reich the German SS went through a baptism of fire. In June 30, 1934, in an event that will be known as the Night of the Long Knives SS troops crossed a point of no return and forever sealed their fate as the most frightening Special Forces under the command of the Fuhrer (Stein, 1984). In this fateful night Hitler ordered his shock troops to eliminate the core group of their arch-rival the SA (Sturmabteilungen). The bloody purging, where the German SS killed their former comrade-in-arms forever changed their image and their mindsets, now they are ready to conquer the world. Allied Victory There were at least four major factors that led to Allied Victory, first of all there was strong leadership among the Allied Forces; secondly the United States of America, the emerging global superpower decided to participate after years of being an observer; thirdly the Allied Forces ability to exploit resources, specifically fossil fuel; and finally Allied Victory was made possible by Hitler’s major blunder, engaging the enemy in two fronts. All four will be discussed in the following pages starting with the discussion of leadership that was well illustrated by the actions of Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, General Marshall, and Gen. Eisenhower. Leadership The Second World War was not only about battlefields and mechanized warfare. It was also a political stage where national leaders from both side of the fence were able to show their courage, brilliance, and strength of character. One of the most important leaders during the dark times of Nazi supremacy was Winston Churchill who made a defiant stand against Hitler and his army. This was illustrated in the year 1941, in one of the darkest times in British history. The British government declared war on Germany and received a harsh reply; the forces of the Third Reich continued to pound on Great Britain and weakened her considerably. Hitler and his cohorts were very much aware that the English people are going to be a major roadblock to world domination. Yet, Hitler was confident that the England would finally succumb to their air raid and Blitzkrieg. But Hitler underestimated the resolve of one man – Winston Churchill. At the onset of World War II the U. S. government could not see the wisdom of meddling with the European conflict. America was so far removed from the European theater of war that it was contented to stay on the sidelines. Still, America contributed to the Allied cause by sending in equipment and war materials to Britain. This neutral stance would have remained if only Japan did not bomb Pearl Harbor. But after the shocking attack in the said American military base, the United States could not simply wage war against the formidable trio of Germany, Japan and Italy. The U. S. mainland needed the wisdom and strength of an able leader. They were fortunate to find these rare qualities in the person of Franklin D. Roosevelt. While Churchill and Roosevelt played a crucial role in bringing together alliance that would defeat Nazi Germany it would require another set of leaders to execute a plan for defeating Hitler in Europe. In this regard two outstanding military leaders needed to be mentioned in this section – George Marshall and Dwight Eisenhower. In 1942 the Americans are already part of the conflict. Its main job is to build an army, secure the shipping lines to get it overseas, establish and organization through which America can work with the British on a strategy to defeat Hitler (Ambrose, 1999). The United States was fortunate to have George Marshall and Dwight D. Eisenhower on board. Stephen Ambrose was able to succinctly describe the contribution of these great men and he wrote: Marshall’s strengths were in the higher levels of policy, organization, and strategy. In these areas Eisenhower followed, for he was an operator rather than a theoretician, the perfect man to take Marshall’s concepts and translate them into practice. The Supreme Allied Command in Europe would never have come about had it not been for Marshall’s thought, driving force, and persuasive powers, but it would not have worked had it not been for Eisenhower (Ambrose, 1999). All these men worked together to bring about Allied victory. The Free World will forever be indebted to Churchill for his defiant stand against Germany. If he raised the white flag of surrender in 1940 Hitler could have easily gathered momentum and proceeded with his ultimate plan of world domination. Without Roosevelt’s wisdom of first helping the British and then following shortly to join the war the Allied Forces could not have mustered enough manpower and firepower to defeat the Axis Powers. And without the able leadership of Marshall and Eisenhower Allied Forces could not have assembled an army so large and so effective that it was able to bring Germany to its knees. American Participation Much has been said about the defiant stand of the British forces as well as the British people who had to endure the regular air raids of the German Luftwaffe. But Great Britain knew that the best that they could hope for was a stalemate. They had to get help from an outsider in order for them to break the deadlock and proceed to start a counter-attack. But in the beginning of the war it was clear that there is no other nation in Europe that could neutralize the brutal efficiency and rabid determination of the German army. The assistance that Britain desperately needed did not come from the European continent but form another land mass across the Atlantic. One of the gross tactical error of the Axis Powers was to give the go signal for Japan to bomb Pearl Harbor. With hindsight it will be easy to analyze that attacking and provoking America was a serious blunder that cost them the war. America was content to stay behind the scenes and did not make any commitment to lend a major part of their industries to help the Allied Forces. But all of this changed when Pearl Harbor was decimated by Japan’s Imperial forces. The subsequent declaration of America that it has joined the war signaled a crucial turning point in World War II. Resources One of the most crucial factors that gave victory to the Allies was there capability to exploit and control fossil fuel. According to Williamson Murray access to petroleum products was an important aspect of the war considering that Germany and Japan were already dependent on foreign oil before they went to war (Murray, 2001). This probably explains why Hitler planned on scoring a quick victory. It was apparent that Hitler could not afford to engage in a long-drawn-out war. But as the war progressed the participation of the United States proved to be very crucial because America produced two-thirds of the world’s petroleum (Murray, 2001). When Germany and Japan could not access fossil fuel their operations was critically affected. Germany Divided Leadership was an important factor in winning the war for the Allies. But the Axis Powers had great leaders too so it can easily neutralize the Allied Forces in the leadership department. The entry of the United States in World War II was also a factor why Germany lost in the war but America was too far away from Europe and it would require a massive logistical effort before it can begin developing and sending soldiers into Europe. Germany still had time to prepare for the incoming Americans. Resources was also a crucial factor in the war but if Hitler can continually use Blitzkrieg, his lightning fast method of deploying troops and engaging the enemy, the war could be over even without draining resources form Germany. In the initial phase of World War II this was the case – European nations easily gave up their freedom when held at gunpoint by German forces. Therefore it can be argued that the single most crucial factor that led to the demise of Nazi Germany was its decision to disregard the pact made earlier between Russia and then proceeded to attack the Soviet Union. At this point Hitler was so full of himself so he decided that in the summer of 1941 his army will attack Russia, â€Å"†¦thus affecting what he had previously been concerned to avoid: war on two fronts† (Fulbrook, 1991). By engaging Britain and Russia at once German forces were over-extended and ill-equipped (Fubrook, 1991). When the combined American and British forces came later Germany could no longer sustain its attack and slowly began to disintegrate. Conclusion The provisions of the Treaty of Versailles were put in place to control Germany so that it will never duplicate what it has achieved in World War I. But this strategy backfired when Adolph Hitler used the sentiments of the people against the said treaty. He promised them that he will revise the Treaty of Versailles if only the German people will support him in war. When Hitler secured the support of the people, he did not waste time and proceeded to use Blitzkrieg, a German term for lightning quick attacks on enemy territories. Through this method Hitler was able to expand German territory in less than two years, a considerable feat. Europe was tired of war. The recently concluded World War I was fresh in the memory of most people. This gave Hitler the confidence that nations would not resist and allow him to take what he wanted. But he overestimated his capabilities and the capability of Nazi Germany. When it engaged England, Russia, and America at the same time, German soldiers were spread thin and lacking military equipment. The protracted war was not part of Hitler’s plans. When America came in to break the deadlock between Allied and Axis forces Germany began to lose steam and in 1945 it finally raised the white flag.

Significance Of A Name Of The Crucible By Arthur Miller

Alexian Lin Ball American Literature October 2, 2015 Importance Of A Name Everyone is given a name when they are born. Their name will become the most important part of their lives. With a name people can identify each other and can gain status and fame through name. Without a name nobody will know who is who or how to identify each other. Not only are names important to each individual s, every name has some sort of power with it. Names can also be soiled and be ruined with a bad reputation. Everything can be determined by a name. The characters in the play The Crucible, by Arthur Miller have a lot of pride. Many are good citizens and have good names. John Proctor is a good citizen who has good morals and tries to do the right things. He has built up a lot of respect for his name. Danforth, the judge, also tries to protect his name by making the right decisions and not back down from them. In The Crucible, Miller uses John Proctor and Judge Danforth to show what some people are willing to do to protect their name because their name are a very powerful an d important weapon that can support their life. As the end of the play, John Proctor was willing to die instead of ruining the last good part of his name so his name could still be passed down and can stop the accusations of witchcraft and been seen as a good man by God and others who support him. John Proctor has built up a lot of respect for his name because he protects the innocent and always follows his beliefs.Show MoreRelatedDepiction Of Guilt In Arthur Millers The Crucible723 Words   |  3 Pagesconfesses and renounces them finds mercy.† (Proverbs 28:13) By definition of the Merriam-Webster dictionary, crucible is a situation of severe trial, or in which different elements interact, leading to the creation of something new. In the play The Crucible, Arthur Miller writes about John Proctor and the trials him, his wife, and the rest of the town have to endure. There is a great significance to the title of the play from themes and events that take place. Things like the thought process of, â€Å"OneRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1269 Words   |  6 PagesAt first glance, the playwright Arthur Miller in The Crucible highlights the historical significance of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, but in fact it is an allegorical expression of his perception of McCarthyism. If the reader has some background information on Arthur Miller’s victimization as a communist, it is evident that the play is a didactic vessel illustrating the flaws of the court system in the 1950’s. The communist allegations were launched at governme nt employees, entertainers and writersRead MoreThe True Tragic Hero: The Crucible’s John Proctor Essay1044 Words   |  5 Pagesand is living a lie† (McGill 4). 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All of these factors based on what society chooses to name you as, a personRead MoreThe Crucible Essay975 Words   |  4 Pagesfallacies in logic. Coherently, Arthur Miller utilizes his diverse cast of characters in his play write â€Å"The Crucible† to demonstrate the ease at which lying to one’s self can create false realities and fallacious logic without our knowing. Ar thur Miller’s play write of â€Å"The Crucible† demonstrates mankind’s inherited hypocrisy and inability to recognize our self-deception through Proctor’s repression, Elizabeth’s passive aggression, and Danforth’s denial. â€Å"The Crucible† demonstrates mankind’s naturalRead MoreRed Scare And The Crucible Comparison Essay1008 Words   |  5 Pagespeople in Salem accused of Witchcraft. Arthur Miller wrote The Crucible, a play about The Salem Witch Trials, to send a message to Senator Joseph McCarthy, the face of The Red Scare. Even though both of these events took place at completely different times their connection remains profound. The Crucible and The Red Scare have various similarities and allegories that make both of these events connect despite the gap of time. Arthur Miller, wrote The Crucible with the intention of comparing The RedRead MoreThe Witch Hunt in The Crucible and During the Time of McCarthyism2059 Words   |  9 PagesThe Themes of The Crucible and Parallels to McCarthyism  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Set in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692, Arthur Millers The Crucible describes the witch hunt that saw harmless people hanged for crimes they did not commit. The Crucible provides an accurate historical account of the witch hunt, but its real achievement lies in the many important issues it deals with. Millers concerns with conscience, guilt and justice develop into significant and thought-provoking themes throughoutRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1483 Words   |  6 PagesAlaysia Lewis Powell Pre AP English 20 April 2015 The Crucible Research Paper The play The Crucible written by Arthur Miller, withholds many conflicts that arise resulting in many themes as well. Such as weight, Reputation, and Good vs. Evil. These themes form from the Salem witch trials. Repeatedly people become accused of witchcraft, throughout the play this continues to drag out due to the people of Salem’s accusations and deceit for one another. The play continues to move to a tense and movingRead MoreTheme Of Honor In The Crucible1079 Words   |  5 PagesProctor. John Proctor’s name is an example of honor because he doesnt want his title to be disrespected by the community for admitting to witchcraft. Honor continues to become a factor back in the 17th century and even today. In the play, â€Å"The Crucible†, honor, and dishonor are represented multiple times throughout the play. First, Abigail Williams is an example of dishonor because she and the other girls were the cause of many deaths in their community. Arthur Miller used Abigails disrespectRead MoreThe Crucible : The Potential Of Change916 Words   |  4 PagesJoie Lim Johnston English 11H, Period 7 8 October 2015 The Crucible: The Potential of Change Introduction: In The Crucible, Arthur Miller recreates the anxiety and hysteria of the Salem witch-trials from 1692. Although the title, not once is the word â€Å"crucible† spoken in the play. However, the people and events of the Salem witch trials correspond with the definition of a â€Å"crucible†. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines â€Å"crucible† three ways: â€Å"A pot in which metals or other substances are heated

Damaged Facilities in Public Schools - 3030 Words

Chapter I Introduction A. Background of the Study Students in public schools acquire sickness from he dirty environment. Frombroken chairs to unventilated rooms, this can be to them uncomfortable and thus, each student’s mood and concentration. The no.1 facility that causes problem for the students is the comfort room. The comfort room in public schools nowadays is an eyesore. The odor that the comfort room releases causes illness in students and visual pollution every time the students visualizes the comfort room.The no.2 facility that has serious problem are the classrooms where the students have their classes at. You can see vandalized area in every angle of the classroom and Insufficient ventilation which made the atmosphere†¦show more content†¦The guards, teachers, guidance councilors and the principal are not involved in the research. Chapter II A. Review of Related Literature The No Child Left Behind Act defines a healthy , high performance school building as one in which the design, construction, operation and maintenance is energy efficient, cost effective, provides good air quality and protects and conserves water(Healthy Schools Network, Inc., 2003). School facilities include the physical surroundings of the school ,construction of materials, technology available, amount of space available for students, teachers and staff, size of classrooms, and a clean and healthy environment that fosters safety(Lemasters, 1997). School principals have the responsibility of ensuring that the above infrastructure factors are emphasized and met as it relates to the quality and standards of educational facilities(Agron, 2000). A survey of a large sample of teachers in Washington, D.C. and Chicago found that school facilities conditions were shown to have direct effect on teaching and learning(Buckeley,Schneider and Shang, 2003). 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Shadow Banking A Form Of Regulatory Arbitrage - 1185 Words

Shadow banking can be seen as a form of regulatory arbitrage that provides important financial intermediation functions distinct from those preformed by banks and capital banks [Claessens et al (2012)]. Some of these functions include securitization and collateral intermediation both of which we have partially discussed. One thing that should be pointed out is that, contrary to its name; shadow banking is not completely unrelated to conventional banking. For instance, shadow-banking complements traditional banking by expanding access to credit or by supporting market liquidity, maturity transformation and risk sharing [Nico Valckx et al]. The only major difference between the two banking systems is that shadow banking is not regulated.†¦show more content†¦The shadow banks responded to this by trying to issue new securities and force selling the underlying collateral. However due to the aforementioned slump in mortgages and real estate prices, this response failed and the va lue of these repurchase agreements continued to decline whilst the haircuts continued to increase. Due to this, lenders refused to offer short-term loans whilst haircuts grew to new highs. This meant that repo lending drastically decreased and lead to the collapse of the shadow banking system. To highlight the extremity of the above scenario, Figure 2 shows the drop in the US repo market before and after the 2008 recession [Financial Times (2013)] [Figure 2]. In retrospect, due to the above events, regulators became concerned by the use of repo agreements and the simultaneous use of haircuts in these agreements. 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Market Concept Essay Free Essays

Article from Karl Moore: Karl Moore is PHd associate professor in the Faculty of Management at McGill University was responsible for writing the article â€Å"The Marketing Concept- RIP† which was published July 17th, 2006. He discusses the decline and the increasing irrelevance of the marketing concept idea and how firms are adapting this strategy in today’s market. Moore emphasis on the following points: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Market Concept Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Importance of market research before launching a product 2. The need to focus on the product’s usage by the end users 3. The difficulty firms face to implement the marketing concept strategy in today’s market place. The author uses the example of the high-tech sector and explains why he feels the marketing concept applied in this way is no longer relevant, then goes into detail about how it is not just limited to the high-tech sector. To understand Moore’s article you need to understand what marketing and the marketing concept it first. Marketing consists of individual and organizational activities that facilitate and expedite satisfying exchange relationships in a dynamic environment through the creation, distribution, promotion and pricing of goods, services and ideas. The main principles of marketing are to satisfy customers, target the â€Å"right’ customer, facilitate exchange relationships, stay ahead of competitors and enhance profitability (Crane, Kerin, Hartley, Rudelius, 2008, p. 7). The ultimate goal is to satisfy targeted customers, seeking their loyalty and consumption. The marketing concept can be defined as the philosophy that firms should analyze the needs of their customers and then make decisions to satisfy those needs, better than the competition (Crane, Kerin, Hartley, Rudelius, 2008, p. 17). In his opening paragraph Moore mentions that the marketing concept is â€Å"coming to a close† and heading towards a â€Å"semi-retirement†. I strongly disagree with this statement. Why? Since the marketing concept era many companies are now transitioning to the market orientation era (Crane, Kerin, Hartley, Rudelius, 2008, p. 17). The focus of the market orientation era is mainly on continuously collecting information about customer needs and competitors’ capabilities and to use this information to create value, ensure customer satisfaction and develop customer relationships (Crane, Kerin, Hartley, Rudelius, 2008, p. 7). Let us look at how Netflix took the Marketing concept in stride. Netflix involved the identification of the unmet or underserved customer needs. Reed Hastings, founder and creator of Netflix started off as a video rental customer himself, tired of paying late fees and having to run to the video store when he wanted to watch a movie, he decided to create something simpler and more convenient for customers (Dean. 2010). He was able to draw upon personal experience to help establish the opportunity nucleus and survey what other customers wanted out of a video store. The movie rental industry had already established methods surrounding video rental, late return policies, and membership rules. Hastings believed that without competition, these brick-and-mortar movie rental companies would never have a reason to change (Dean. 2010). Reed Hastings, decided to disrupt the traditional video rental business by introducing a new twist on the home movie service (Dean. 2010). A perfect example of advances in technology, adaptation of DVD media over VHS, and an unmet consumer demand is responsible for the successful launch of Hastings’ vision of Netflix. Not unlike other innovative start-up companies, Netflix has undergone several strategy shifts (Dean. 2010). Each change in focus or direction has assured that the company remains dominate in the movie rental industry. It appears that Hastings has followed the Marketing Concept to a tee, he started off with collection information from customer needs’ (his own) and the competitors capabilities (video rental companies were not in a position to change their rules and regulations) and he completed the circle by using customer knowledge to create customer satisfaction as Netflix still remains more popular than Blockbuster or Rogers Video. Moore goes into more detail about the high tech industry, giving the example of the Sony walkman and how the product was developed. He also explains that if Sony followed the Marketing concept theory in creating the walkman, it would have failed. He follows this explanation of the Sony walkman with the comment â€Å"with many high tech products you cannot get a very reliable data from current customers about the potential uses of your future products. † This statement is by far the most ludicrous statement thru out the entire article and makes absolutely no sense. The vast majority of high tech industries rely solely on how customers perceive new and future products. Look at the Apple IPods. Apple made sure they always stayed ahead of the game by releasing new hardware, software, or better and newer applications for the iPod (Taber. 2007). People love new and flashy products so this was a great way to sell a product. The iPod has become a fashion accessory and a must have. People salivate if there hear a new and more updated version of the iPod is coming out, they want a product that can hold more music and data. Why would they want a â€Å"dinosaur† iPod that only holds 1000 songs when they can get an iPod that holds 2000, takes videos, and has downloadable apps? In this sense, the iPod marketing concept strategy made sense because it consistently advanced Apple’s emerging goal of making the Mac the hub of a digital lifestyle (Taber. 2007). It also aligned with the company’s strategic goal of frequently releasing innovative new products in an effort to stay ahead of a curve of consumers who quickly get tired of old gadgets. As usual, it was a strategy that leveraged the benefits of existing technology, and it made sense from the point of view that it was consistent with what historically drove the company, is bringing products to people that were stylish and easy to use. So if Apple didn’t use the marketing concept strategy, it would have failed. The one paragraph in Moore’s article that I do agree with is when he mentions that a great deal of high tech industries do spend more time launching a new product then developing the product. Models of new product development prescribe critical stages that organizations should go through to have a successful product launch (Crane, Kerin, Hartley, Rudelius, 2008, p. 262-271). Regardless of the model, critical phases include: product idea generation, idea screening, concept testing, and business analysis, marketing mix development, test marketing and commercialization (Crane, Kerin, Hartley, Rudelius, 2008, p. 262-271). In theory, going through these stages systematically helps organizations weed out the potential failures. Customer focus is an integral component of the product development process that is often ignored. The need to incorporate the voice of the customer (adopt the marketing concept) at every phase is imbedded in these models of new product development, each phase contributing additional knowledge as to what customers want (Crane, Kerin, Hartley, Rudelius, 2008, p. 263-264). Yet concept testing and test marketing are most often overlooked y new product development teams as they rush to get their product to market before the competition (Crane, Kerin, Hartley, Rudelius, 2008, p. 259-260). Unfortunately, this can lead to fatal errors when customer expectations are extremely high – or when dealing with a sophisticated customer – as is the case for high tech products. An example of this was the Apple Newton; Apple pre-announced the Newton before it was ready. In terms of t he product offering, it was neither a complete product nor a fully functional product (Hormby. 006). In the hurry to get to the market, Apple had not fully developed the handwriting recognition software, one of the featured attributes (Hormby. 2006). While innovators and early adopters are willing to take risks on new products, they do expect a minimal level of performance which the Apple Newton could not deliver. Moore also makes a valid statement in his end paragraph with respect for non-tech marketers have to know who their key customers will be and how the marketers should focus their research efforts. Customer focus, a core element of the marketing concept, is certainly a widely adopted buzzword today, one which is stressed in all introductory marketing texts. While the marketing concept applies to all industries, it is particularly important in technologically driven industries that have been among the first to introduce quality techniques, many of which begin with capturing the â€Å"voice of the customer†. (Crane, Kerin, Hartley, Rudelius, 2008, p. 259). Look at how Apple launched its iPod back in 2001 to appeal to customers. When you watch the iPod commercials on television – what did you see? You see a bunch of people dancing on a colored background. There are women and men, but you don’t know anything else about them. This advertisement is ingenious for many reasons. For one, you don’t know where these people are. They could be anywhere in the world. Secondly, you don’t know who they are or what they do for a living. They can be anyone. All you know is that they are enjoying the music and rocking out. This is what makes that commercial so great and such an excellent idea. It allows anyone in the world to be that person. In conclusion, Moore is correct in his assumption that many high tech industries are in a rush to release their product before actually developing their product. However, it is very unrealistic of him to state that if companies follow the marketing concept they would be doomed to fail, he needs to look at many of the successes of the high tech market such as the Apple iPod or Netflix and how many non-tech industries can learn from Apple’s/Netflix marketing strategy. Although this article was written back in 2006, many advances of technology have taken place and it’s foolish to think that the marketing concept had nothing to do with this advancement. Refernces Crane, F. G. , Kerin, R. A. , Hartley, S. W. Rudelius W. (2008). Marketing. (7th Canadian ed. ). Toronto, ON: McGraw-Hill Ryerson. Taber, David. (17 Sept. 2007 ). â€Å"The Taber Report on IPod Marketing. † The Taber Report. Retrieved April 25, 2011, from http://www. taberconsulting. com/download/dtr-35. htm. Weisbein, Jeff. 1 March. 2008). â€Å"The iPod Success: Thank the Marketing Department†. Retrieved May 5, 2011, from http://www. besttechie. net/2008/03/01/the-ipod-success-thank-the-marketing-department/. Hormby, Tom. (7 Feb. 2006). â€Å"The Story Behind Apple’s Newton†. Retrieved April 25th, 2011 from http://lowendmac. com/orchard/06/john-sculley-newton-origin. html. Dean, Gregory. (10 Nov. 2010). â€Å"Netflix: An Online Business Beyond Geniusâ € . Retrieved May 15, 2011 from http://marketography. com/2010/11/10/online-business-beyond-genius/. How to cite Market Concept Essay, Essays

Cognitive Radio Network and Channel Allocation Problem - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Cognitive Radio Network and Channel Allocation Problem. Answer: Introduction The cognitive radio can be considered as a wireless communication system in which a transceiver can intelligently detect which communication channel are in use and which are not in use. This can help in moving to a free channel avoiding the occupied one (Han, Dianati and Nekovee2016). The concept mainly optimizes the use of the radio frequency which is available while concern to interference which is related to others. Considering the basic form, the cognitive radio is a technology which is hybrid which involves software defined radio as applied to the spread spectrum communication. The possible function of the cognitive radio mainly includes the foremost ability to transceiver to determine the geographic location, identify and the user authorization, decrypt and encrypt signals, sense wireless neighbouring devices in the operation and the adjustment of the power output and the characteristics of the modulation. The main aim of the report is put emphasis on the channel allocation problem. Taking into account the concept of how to allocate a single Dynamic Channel Allocations channel among the users who are competitive. The problem which is related with the techniques is also taken into consideration and comparison between the fixed channel allocation and the dynamic channel allocation is put forward. Allocation scheme There are mainly two types of allocation process fixed channel allocation and Dynamic channel allocation. Fixed channel allocation This allocation technique can be done using the static multiplexing method which are FDM and TDM (Frequency / time division Multiplexing). The frequency division multiplexing is used in radio or TV broadcasting. Dynamic Channel Allocation on the other hand time division multiplexing is used in POTS (Plain old telephone system). Problem in Fixed channel allocation. The main problem factor which can be related to it is that ones a channel is allocated it would not change the channel during its full operation phase (Moisio 2016). The channel would be fully busy with the process and sometimes resources are needed in some point of time. The process has to wait in order to gain the resource in the meantime the channel would be occupied and no other process can be initiated through the channel (Akaiwa and Andoh 2017). Dynamic allocation The process of dynamic channel allocation is done using the concept of pure/slotted ALOHA protocol or the carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) PROTOCOL. It is very much efficient than the process of static channel allocation as it uses the free collision protocol and does not waste bandwidth (Khodashenas et al. 2016) Assumption for the Dynamic channel allocation Independent traffic: independent stations. Single channel: which is available for the communication. All the stations can receive on and transmit from. Each of the stations are very much equally capable. Observe collision: all the station is able to detect collision (Zhao eta l. 2016). Slotted time or continuous (for transmission) Carrier sense or no sense carrier: without the sense of the carrier stations can tell if the channel is in use or not before making a move to use the channel (Tomabechi et al. 2016) Problem in Dynamic channel allocation. In the process of dynamic channel allocation, a process is allocated in a channel randomly. A particular process may require specific bandwidth for its execution. In some cases, it is seen a process is allocated a specific channel and results in loss of bandwidth. This bandwidth can be used by another process which require that amount of bandwidth (Joseph, Borst and Reiman 2016). Comparison between FCA and DCA Evaluation Parameter FIXED CHANNEL ALLOCATION DYNAMIC CHANNEL ALLOCATION Hand off blocking rate High Low Call dropping probability More Less Interference minimize Not good Good Network traffic load Un balance Balance Utilization of resource Less More Change AI location Do not change during the call processing Dynamically changes Complexity Less More Flexibility Less More Ion cost implement Low High The average block rate which is related to the handoff of the fixed channel allocation scheme is relatively high when it is compared to the average rate of blocking which is related to dynamic channel allocation scheme. In fixed channel allocation a set of channel is permanently allocated to each of the cell with regards to the network. This leads to be channel which is fixed and which does not change during the process (Loo, Mauri and Ortiz 2016). In the dynamic channel allocation schemes, all the channels are kept in a central pool and rare assigned dynamically to the new cell as they arrive into the system, this change can be leaded dynamically. In the fixed channel allocation system, the distance which is related to the cell which is using the same channel is very much minimum reuse distance for that system. Improvement of the performance Parameter 1: Throughout of the system Parameter 2: Latency decrease Parameter 3: Connectivity of the network improves (Jiang et al. 2016). Conclusion In recent times, the technology of the wireless resource has received much of the attentions. As a result of which vast amount of innovations are taking place in the concept of resolving the concept for solving channel allocation problem. This report mainly deals with the fixed channel allocation and the dynamic channel allocation and comparison is produced in the prospective of both the technology. The fixed channel allocation scheme is very much simple to implement and use and does not involve channel utilization constraints. In the dynamic channel allocation scheme there is no pre assigned channel in the cell of the cellular network. References Akaiwa, Y. and Andoh, H., 2017. Channel segregation-a self-organized dynamic channel allocation method: application to TDMA/FDMA microcellular system. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 11(6), pp.949-954. Han, C., Dianati, M. and Nekovee, M., 2016. IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference 2016. Jiang, D., Ying, X., Han, Y. and Lv, Z., 2016. Collaborative multi-hop routing in cognitive wireless networks. Wireless personal communications, 86(2), pp.901-923. Joseph, V., Borst, S. and Reiman, M.I., 2016. Optimal rate allocation for video streaming in wireless networks with user dynamics. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON), 24(2), pp.820-835. Kari, H., Nokia Telecommunications Oy, 2016. Channel allocation method for a packet network. U.S. Patent 6,597,682. Khodashenas, P.S., Rivas-Moscoso, J.M., Siracusa, D., Pederzolli, F., Shariati, B., Klonidis, D., Salvadori, E. and Tomkos, I., 2016. Comparison of spectral and spatial super-channel allocation schemes for SDM networks. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 34(11), pp.2710-2716. Loo, J., Mauri, J.L. and Ortiz, J.H. eds., 2016. Mobile ad hoc networks: current status and future trends. CRC Press. Moisio, M., 2016. Channel allocation method in a cellular radio network. U.S. Patent Application 10/171,380. Tomabechi, A., Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd., 2016. Dynamic channel allocation method. U.S. Patent 5,260,944. Zhao, W., Nishiyama, H., Fadlullah, Z., Kato, N. and Hamaguchi, K., 2016. DAPA: Capacity optimization in wireless networks through a combined design of density of access points and partially overlapped channel allocation. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 65(5), pp.3715-3722.