Epi Study Guide – Leon Gordis

Reverse fourth dimension Order- outcome actually come before the flick (opposite of hypothesis) the outcome Is in truth the flick and the ikon Is really the outcome d. Chance- to occur accidentally, without design, a similitude e. Bias- systematic error in design, conduct, or depth psychology of a break down that results in a mistaken estimate 3. 4 enduring epidemiologic understandings patterns to their item. These patterns send word be identified through superintendence of populations. Examining these patterns of health and ailment can help us formulate a hypothesis tour their possible causes. B.A hypothesis can be tested by canvass the frequency of askion in selected groups of large number with and without the word-painting to determine if the exposure and the disease ar associated. When the exposure is hypothesized to boast a beneficial put, studies can be designed in which a group of hatful is purposely exposed to the hypothesized cause and compared to a grou p that is not exposed. When an exposure is hypothesized to earn detrimental effect, it is unethical to intentionally expose a group of people. In these circumstances, studies can be designed that observe groups of free living people with and without the exposure. . One possible explanation for finding an association is that the exposure causes the outcome. Because studies are complicated by promoters not controlled by the observer, another(prenominal) explanations also moldiness be considered, including chance, bias, confounding and reverse time order. D. Judgment about whether an exposure causes a disease is developed by examining a body of epidemiological evidence as well as evidence from other scientific disciplines 8 cause-effect criteria questions 1 . What is the strength of association between the risk factor and the disease? 2. Can a biological gradient be present? 3. Is the finding consistent?Has it been replicated by others in other places? 4. Have studies accomplishe d that the risk factor precedes the disease? 5. Is the risk factor associated with on disease of many different diseases? 6. Is the new finding coherent with earlier intimacy about the risk factor and the disease? 7. Are the implications of the observed findings biologically sensible? Been produced by controlled administration of the risk factor? 4. Active surveillance a. s when the researcher is actively to collect data for the study 5. Age-adjusted place a. Eliminate the effects of differences in the age distributions of populations 6. Association a. Towards the null = towards no association 7. Bias a. Systematic error in design, conduct, or analysis of a study that results in a mistaken estimate of an exposures effect on the risk of disease 8. biologic gradient/ dose-response relationship 9. Biological sense Are the implications of the observed findings biologically sensible? If it doesnt make biological sense today, doesnt mean it cant in future 10. Landing- a. Blind the pa rticipants, blind people administering exposures, and even blind assessors evaluating if they do or do not shoot outcome I.Other measures, much(prenominal) as mean differences, are used if the data are continuous 39. Measures of statistical stability P values and sanction breakups are the two main ways to asses the role of chance in epidemiological research. The null P value and 95% confidence interval are most commonly used. 40. Misclassification a. Indifferently misclassification likelihood that misclassification is equal (if on that point is an association, you are less likely to find it) b. Differential misclassification alters measure of affect 42. National Childrens Health Study a.The National Childrens Health Study leave alone examine the effects of the environment, as broadly defined to include factors such as air, water, diet, sound, family dynamics, community and cultural influences, and genetics on the growth, development, and health of children crosswise the Uni ted States, following them from before birth until age 21 years b. Cohort study 43. Natural Experiments -natural occurring circumstances in which groups of Pl within a population have been exposed to different levels of the hypothesized exposure. 44. Necessary and capable a. Al people with the adze are exposed 45. not necessary and sufficient a. Those who have the ADZ may or may not be exposed 46. Necessary and not sufficient a. Elf you have the ADZ you have the exposure you can have the exposure but the exposure may not be enough for you to get the ADZ 47. Not necessary and not sufficient a. Do not need to have exposure to have outcome, outcome does not mean you have b. XSL could be a cause of ADZ 48. Numerator a. A count 49. Nun Study- a. retrospective cohort study, 1,000 nuns participated in the study. 3 of the nuns rote an autobiography at 22 linguistic in relation to Alchemies. 50. Observational Studies a. An epidemiological study of a natural experiment in which the investi gator is not involved other than to count 51 . Odds ratio a. Ratio of the probability of the occurrence of an event to that of its nonoccurrence b. OR= (A/C) / (BID) Students who did not do their homework had an odds of having a cell phone 9 times that of students who did their homework. 52. Outcome ADZ, caused by exposure 53. P value 54. Passive surveillance is when the researcher relies on the purchasable data for the study