Discuss three of your achievements or accomplishments

Being employed while I was still in college was my first achievement. Although I still had a year to complete my college education, a company offered me a position as Information Technology technician after passing three stages of job interview. Initially, I tried to send my Curriculum Vitae to the company because I wanted to test my ability. Since I was still studying in the university, the company decided to give me a part job as Desktop Supporter. The job gave me a lot of hands-on experience and I was able to put all my knowledge into practice.Completing a program with a high grade and performing well in my job was my second achievement. After working for three years, I decided to upgrade my knowledge by attending the American Cooperation program. This program was conducted in the English language and it was a challenge for me since English is not my native language. However, while I was going through the program, I learned to use my time and effort wisely so I could complete all the required assignments of the program while maintaining a full time job as Business Analyst. In the end, I completed the Cooperation program with a 3. GPA and maintained a high job performance rating in the company. Getting my dream job was my third achievement.After five years of working in the software industry, I was given the System Analyst position at CSC Vietnam. Since I was a student, I wanted to become a System Analyst because this position will enable me to utilize all the knowledge that I have gained from my studies and work experience in the IT and business industry. CSC Vietnam is one of the biggest software companies in Vietnam and working in this company will provide a brighter future for my career path.

The Treadway Tire Company

The Treadway Tire Company in Lima, Ohio is faced with rather difficult times. These difficulties however are not due to lack of work with a down recession, or concerned with too much demand and not enough capacity to fill it. These issues are deep within the company and affect the organization very seriously every day. The lack of training, ineffective leadership and employee communication are the problems challenging the Treadway Tire Company as well as contributing continuously to their increasing turnover rate for consecutive years. According to industry standards, your employees can contribute to the success of your company when they are trained to perform their jobs. Training typically consists of several classes onsite or at different location during orientation. Some companies consider in-depth training an unnecessary expense and expect new employees to learn on the job from supervisors and older employees. However, this type of training is often inadequate and creates problems for the business. (Amo, 2013) As a result, Ashley Wall should implement a formal, organized training program that will emphasize all aspects of plant operations and labor education. The advantage of implementing a training program is that the foreman will be better equipped to do their job more effectively thus heightening their psychological empowerment and increasing job satisfaction. My research also suggests leadership training, employee development and professional – level seminars and workshops demonstrate the employer’s interest in tapping current human resources for higher-level roles within the organization through promotion-from-within policies and succession of plans. Ineffective leadership results from employers’ failure to provide support for employees who demonstrate aptitude and interest in promotional opportunities. Promoting employees without the benefit of basic of basic leadership training puts the employer at risk for high turnover and low productivity. It’s akin to setting the supervisor up for failure and it jeopardizes employee-supervisor relationships. (Mayhew, 2013) It has been my understanding that leadership training and employee development can help the new supervisor understand how to balance their dual responsibilities – managing department functions and managing people. When considering Treadway Tire Company, without leadership training, however, the supervisor will fail because they did not receive the training needed and employees who report to them suffer because of potentially poor employee-supervisor relationships. Lastly, when we consider employee communication, employers who communicate regularly with employees lessen the risk of creating a workforce that feels undervalued and unappreciated. Keeping employees informed about organizational changes, staffing plans and fluctuating business demands is one way to ensure employees remain with the company. Neglecting employee concerns about job security through lack of communication or excluding employees for discussions that can affect their job performance, such as policy or procedural changes, negatively impacts the way employees view their employer. Their views transform to dissatisfaction and finally low productivity due to low morale and disengagement. (Mayhew, 2013) In relation to the problems with lack of communication in Treadway Tire Company, implementing some type of Foreman training program would be one of the most effective ways to solve their communication challenges. In conclusion, it is my belief that the challenges in training, ineffective leadership responsibilities and lack in communication can all be resolved by the implementation of a training program for all current and future foremen ensuring the company is managed properly. I would recommend at the conclusion of each training session, the employees should be asked for feedback about the program so that it can be enhanced by further development to meet the evolving needs of the company.ReferencesAmo, T. (2013). The Negative Effects of a Lack of Training in the Workplace | Chron.com. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/negative-effects-lack-training-workplace-45171.html Mayhew, R. (2013). What Are the Factors That Contribute to High Staff Turnover & Low Productivity? | Chron.com. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/factors-contribute-high-staff-turnover-low-pro

Primary theories of leadership and examples Research Paper

Primary theories of leadership and examples - Research Paper Example A probe into the lives of Jacqueline Kennedy, Martha Stewart, Opera Winfrey, Hillary Rodham Clinton and George Bush show that these leaders revealed traits of charismatic, authoritarian, inspirational, transformational, and situational leadership styles respectively. Primary theories of leadership and examples Leadership theories are based on how leaders lead their followers. Some of the primary theories of leadership styles are charismatic, authoritarian, inspirational, transformational, and situational. The basic characteristics that differentiate each of these leadership styles are: the nature of the relationship between the leader and followers; the personality of the leader; the vision and nature of the leader’s interaction with the followers or employees; the nature of the rewards, positive reinforcements and tasks administered; and, the achievement of the goals or tasks. This paper analyses the major characteristics of charismatic, authoritarian, inspirational, transfor mational, and situational leadership styles with special reference to such leaders as Jacqueline Kennedy, Martha Stewart, Opera Winfrey, Hillary Rodham Clinton and George Bush. ... Charismatic leaders also have the ability for taking personal risks and exhibiting non-traditional behavior. According to Burke and Cooper (2004, p. 86), charismatic leaders arouse enthusiasm and commitment among their followers by articulating a compelling vision, increasing follower confidence about achieving it, and linking the task or mission to the values, ideals, and self-concept of the followers. Both John F Kennedy and his wife Jacqueline Kennedy had charismatic personalities that could attract the American society. Jacqueline’s charisma helped Kennedy not only during his presidential campaign but also in his political life in the White house. Her demeanor and influencing charismatic style saw her as the most warmly received public figure during official trips abroad. It was her charismatic leadership style that immortalized the Kennedy Library Foundation after her husband was assassinated. Authoritarian leadership and Martha Stewart In authoritarian leadership style t he leader acts like an autocrat, allowing little or no participation from his team members or followers. Even though the leadership style is not popular today it has been identified as quite effective during emergencies when quick decisions are to be taken. As pointed out by Cherry (2012, para. 1) authoritarian leadership style is â€Å"characterized by individual control over all decisions and little input from group members.† As such these leaders do not involve their followers in the decision making process. The success of Martha Stewart, the celebrated American business magnate and author, is strongly rooted in her authoritarian leadership style. She started with a small catering business

Anxiety Disorders Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Anxiety Disorders - Term Paper Example isorder, acute stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, and panic disorder (Soggie, 2008). Furthermore, there are adjustment disorders with attributes of anxiety, anxiety disorders because of substance-induced anxiety disorders, residual form of anxiety disorder, and common medical conditions (Soggie, 2008). Anxiety disorders are ever-present across different societies. In general, the indications of an acute stress disorder manifest during or soon after the trauma. These severe traumatic episodes include brutal physical attack or rape, fatal accidents, and witnessing violence (Stein & Hollander, 2002). The indication of dissociation, which manifests an evident disconnection of the mind from the body or emotional form, is a vital issue (Stein & Hollander, 2002). Moreover, dissociation is distinguished by a perception of the world as an illusory or surreal place and may come along with poor recollection of the particular episodes, which is extreme form is recognized as dissociative amnesia (Soggie, 2008). If the behavioral disorders and symptoms of the acute stress disorder continue for more than a month, and if these characteristics are accompanied by severe trauma or functional injury to the victim, the diagnosis is transformed to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Soggie, 2008). Due to the more chronic feature of post-traumatic stress disorder, several changes, such as hopelessness, decreased self-worth, difficulties in professional and/or personal relationships, and a sense of being irreversibly damaged, are commonly discerned (Soggie, 2008). Substance abuse usually arises, particularly involving sedative-hypnotic drugs, marijuana, and alcohol (Stein & Hollander, 2002). Women who are crime victims, particularly rape, torture, and others, are the most prone to PTSD. In general, among those exposed to severe distress, roughly 9% experience the disorder (Stein & Hollander,

Job Fair Brochure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Job Fair Brochure - Essay Example Indeed, this joint stock situation has an influence on the organizational structure of the company. To this effect, the organizational structure of the company is given as below. The organizational structure given above is justified in terms of how it allows for departmentalization. Rank (2002) states that â€Å"large, diversified companies are often organized according to product. All the activities necessary to produce and market a product or group of similar products are grouped together.† Judging by the virtue that Be Safe Company is a large diversified company, the organizational structure given above is highly suitable for the company. The business model highly related to the organizational structure as Tatum (2011) posits that â€Å"the business model is simply a working description that includes the general details about the operations of a business.† The business model described for Be Safe Company incorporates how the company is going to create, deliver, and achieve value. The values to be achieved would also transcend economic orientations to include social values. To this end, the Bricks and clicks business model is recommended. Under this model, the company is going to expand its scope of customer reach by making way for online orders to be placed by customers who have access to the internet. Delivery of products shall however be done at the company site. Online delivery is not recommended yet because the company is still at the growing stages of this all new business model. A special component of the Bricks and clicks business model will be an introduction of delivery system so that customers who ma ke purchases online can request for delivery though this is not an integrated shipping system. With this business model, it means that the company would now be focusing more on its sales to make the sales department more open to the public rather than the manufacturing sector. The justification of this model is that a lot more customer base will be

Glass ceiling and glass border are terminologies often used to Essay

Glass ceiling and glass border are terminologies often used to describe barriers women might face in the labour market. Do we see any evidence of these barriers disappearing - Essay Example Since little is known about these challenges, there is a lack of coping strategies developed to avert them. This deficiency in coping strategies limits the availability of opportunities for women’s progression to senior management positions by creating both covert and overt barriers (Donald and Hartmann, 2005, p.478). However, with the advent of globalization, issues of gender equity and gender equality are progressively gaining popularity (Donald and Hartmann, 2005, p.480). This has resulted in an increase in women’s participation in the labor force as they progressively get acceptance in professions, careers and occupations previously reserved for men. However, most of the results from the efforts fall short of set targets and expectations (Thomas and Sally, 2005, p.490). This has necessitated a proper understanding of the covert and overt barriers to women’s progression to top management positions. The slow but progressive disappearance of these barriers will form the major part of this document. IHRM is a practice that encompasses all the activities revolving around coordinating employees and their efforts towards attaining pre-determined goals and objectives at a global scale (Thomas and Sally, 2001, p.89). IHRM also entails the process of sourcing for human resources, allocating them appropriate roles, and effectively putting their skill sets to use to maximize on the organizational effectiveness and efficiency of international firms (Thomas and Sally, 2001, p.89). The term â€Å"glass ceiling† is used to describe the invisible and intangible barrier that prevents women or ethnic minorities from getting into top-level management in a hierarchical system (Olga and Rà ­o, 2012, p.160). A glass ceiling can also be defined as a set of attitudes that fosters the unjust prevention of women and ethnic minorities from getting into highly influential positions (Olga and Rà ­o, 2012, p.163). In most organizations, the existence of the discriminatory barrier in

Why do firms exist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Why do firms exist - Essay Example A simple, yet, complete definition of firms may help in starting the debate about why they actually exist. Fisher, Prentice & Waschik (2010), define firm as â€Å"a group of workers and managers, collectively called labor, and a group of physical assets, like machinery in a manufacturing operation or computers in a service sector firm, collectively called capital, which produce goods and/or services (p. 14). This definition provides three major areas where people are involved with the firms. People, firstly, work for or manage the firms as labor, secondly they invest in businesses and firms to earn profits and giving firms the strength of progress in the form of capital, and lastly people use the products or services offered by the firms. Hence, our life is, in one way or the other, dependent on firms. It is a way of earning for one group and a way of gathering necessities of life for the other like food stuff, clothing, and professional services like legal, educational or healthcar e services and so on. Owing to the importance of firms in our regular activities and modern life, this paper aims to answer the question: why do firms exist? In doing so, this paper will provide perspectives of different researchers and their theories to justify the claims made. Theory of Firm Theory of firm necessitates by trying to predict how the business would carry out their prescribed strategies to achieve their ultimate goal and that is profit maximization. The theory of firm helps predict and explain other alternatives and decision made by the company. Traditionally it was based on having sole goal of profit maximization. But most recent analysis, theories and researches suggest that sales maximization or market share that is satisfying the needs of the customers along with satisfying its legitimate stake holders, combined with satisfactory profits may be the main purpose of businesses in short term as well as in long term to survive. Traditionally companies’ were fol lowing stock holder theory that is managers had one objective of maximizing share holder value. For example a company would not mind shutting down a branch in a region or country and resulting in thousands of people being unemployed and affecting the whole economy of that region or country. Despite these factors, the managers would have let the factory moved to another region or country because labor is cheap and plentiful there. Traditional theory suggested companies to disregard safety practices or other practices to preserve social responsibilities, according to theory, as they would have to spend money over it which reduces profit. However, if such avoidance of such actions charges the companies with substantial penalty or case file or dereputation resulting in more expenses (fines) than the companies were encouraged to provide equipment and running the safety policy. The risks of fewer sales by customer boycotting the company’s products are also avoided by adopting such practices in the modern business arena and companies would fall into instrumental form of skate holder theory (Schroeder, Clark, and Cathey 2010, pp. 124-128). Stake holder theory is referred as 21st century theory where the organizations are so large that they can affect the whole society significantly. This broader impact of organizational procedures and processes suggest that they cannot just be responsible to share holders i.e. obeying stock holder t

Contract law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Contract law - Essay Example Churton and Silver were able to inform Risk It of the situation, who agreed to amending the loan agreement by postponing the payment of the principal due for 1 year, and waived all interest payables. However, due to financial problems of its own, risk It now wishes to enforce the original loan agreement against Churton and Silver, and the latter refuses citing the limitations on what they may pay and the ill effects full payment would do in damaging their business enterprise. Prior to formulating the legal advice, I would present to Risk It, it is important to first outline the various legal concepts. In the case at bar, there is clearly a contractual obligation, voluntarily undertaken by both parties. Commonly this is considered a bilateral contract, which imposes upon both parties certain obligations that they agreed upon. Here, Risk It agreed to loan the money to Churton and Silver, who in turn agreed to pay the loan based on the agreed terms. Although the facts make no mention as to the manner in which Risk It agreed to amending the terms of payment of the loan as per the difficulty in financial situation of Churton and Silver, there is really no difference as to whether or not the agreement to amend the terms is in writing or not. Despite common sense, contracts can be legally binding even if not reduced into writing, and have the same effect as if it were on paper. Thus, the acts of Risk It in agreeing to change the terms of the loan is binding upon them, and they can no longer renounce that change or deny it otherwise. This is a key concept of contract law, that contracts are formed through an agreement consisting of an offer and acceptance, a valuable consideration, and the intention of the parties to create a contract. Further assuming that all the necessary requisites of a valid contract are also present in the case at bar, there is no need to delve into the complexities of the form, parties' capacity to contract, consent freely given, and legality of the subject matter or purpose of the contract. Seeing as this is a clear contract of loan, all things should be in order. With all that said, it is clear that the only advice I can make to Risk It is for them to follow the amended loan agreement that they had made with Churton and Silver. The changed terms, and waived interest became binding on them from the moment it was made, offered and accepted by the parties. They can no longer renounce or go against that agreement, or they put themselves at risk of legal suit for the remedies due to breach of contractual obligations by Churton and Silver. It is necessary to state that the remedies for breach of contractual obligations include the award of monetary damages by the courts and a petition for specific performance. The former is the assessment of monetary sum to be given by the offending party to compensate for the injury that would be suffered by the breach of contract. This could be a relief sought against Risk It if they try to enforce the original loan agreement instead of the amended one that would inevitably cause great damage and injury to the business enterprise of Churton and Silver.  

The Invention of Electricity Changed the Way People Live Their Lives Essay

The Invention of Electricity Changed the Way People Live Their Lives - Essay Example It was not until 1792 when a thunderstorm struck Benjamin Franklins home, and he decided to make an experiment by flying the kite through the thunderstorm with an attached iron key. The kite was struck by lightning, and electric current were sent down to Benjamin’s hand. He was  quite  lucky to survive, and he stated that electricity existed in the thunderstorm but the question was how to tap and utilise the electricity for the benefit of humanity. Before the invention of electricity, people had difficulties in performing the several task in life, there was too much utilization of man energy in different sectors. However, the invention of electricity changed the lives of human beings in thousand ways. It can be stated that electricity led to industrial revolution in which several products were being produced in large numbers. It led to a change in the entertainment sectors, food sector health sector and communication sector among others. It is imperative to note that the invention of electricity resulted in a significant improvements of how human beings live in the today’s world. Before the invention of electricity, the period was being described as the era of the dark ages because people relied only on sunlight to perform their daily activities and at night, they were unable to perform duties  because of the darkness. The invention of light electricity has led to the robust influence of how people carry out their lives in the current period. Thomas Edison who was an American inventor as well as a businessperson is thought to be the first person who invented light bulb that was using direct current electricity. The light bulb that was invented had a great influence on how people were carrying business all over the world. Moreover, it led to the inventions of other devices such as televisions and phonographs that were being used as the means of communication (Freeberg,

Woman in Business Management Personal Statement

Woman in Business Management - Personal Statement Example Being a woman, I have always desired Jewellery and tilted towards diamonds. I had a strong inclination towards commencing my own Jewellery business but I had no practical know-how of market trends, supply and demand information, supply chain and distribution channels, consumer preferences and tastes, demographics, lifestyles, attitudes, and behaviors towards this industry. Unequivocally, I learned the aforementioned concepts during my academics, yet I felt I still need a near to accurate recognition of market facts, that to be honest, theory and books do not necessarily provide. A time came when I, fortunately, met an industry expert and a professional business executive, employed at Amrapali Jewels, a diamond Jewellery boutique located in Knights Bridge. After some formal introduction and discussion, I expressed my concern that I was interested in doing an internship in her industry. She appreciated my interest and provided some guidance and direction regarding the recruitment and s election process (test and interview procedure). In short, I successfully cleared all the stages and called for my internship. Â   Delighted by my progress, I joined the Jewellery Boutique. Before sharing my actual experiences at Amrapali Jewels, I first would like to describe my predefined objectives. As far as my Knowledge goals are concerned, I had an intention to gain an insight about the entire Diamond Jewellery Purchase and Sales process, comprising of Jewellery designing, supply, display, pricing, consumer preferences and face to face customer and direct marketing. I also wanted to know about security measures and precautions being adopted by the store for safety purposes.

Benjamin Franklin Essay Example for Free

Benjamin Franklin Essay I. INTRODUCTION Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston as the son of a candle maker. From humble beginnings, he grew into a renowned figure of American history. â€Å"He became famous for being a scientist, an inventor, a statesman, a printer, a philosopher, a musician, and an economist†. Today, Americans recognize him for being one of our Founding Fathers and a prominent citizen of the city of Philadelphia. In his autobiography, Franklin shows that he desired self-improvement and in pursuit of this goal focused on improvements of four different types: intellectual, moral, business, and social. II. BODY Franklin’s intellectual improvements were numerous. As a child, he had a thirst for knowledge. He exhibited a readiness to learn and read at an early age, and while in school, he rose to the head of his class and then skipped a grade. After Franklin’s father pointed out that he had a poor manner of writing, Franklin resolved to improve not only his manner of writing but also his arrangement of thoughts in his written work. His ambition was to become a good English writer. In his young age, he also was intent on improving his language and when he got older he taught himself French, Italian, Spanish, and Latin. He used the library as a means of improvement by constant study of one to two hours per day here. Franklin went to great lengths to achieve moral improvement. As a young man, Franklin developed a plan regulating his future conduct in life that he adhered to even in his old age. He wrote a list of moral characters that he would like to possess such as temperance, fr ugality, and humility. He had thirteen categories in all that he wrote down in a book to carry with him. He had a separate column for each day of the week. He would pull out the book and mark which virtues he felt he had committed a fault in that day so that he may examine them and improve upon them. During the course of this practice, Franklin said that he found himself fuller of faults than he would have thought, but he had the satisfaction of seeing those faults diminish. His actions also showed that he strove for moral perfection. He thought excessive drinking was a detestable habit and abstained from doing so when his coworkers drank all day long. He spent no time in taverns, playing games, or displaying antics of any kind. He also believed in the importance of frugality and did his best to save money on housing. During the eighteen months he lived in London, he worked hard and spent little on himself except for the occasional play or book. It was his practice of frugality that lead to his wealth and distinction later in life. Benjamin Franklin had a Quaker friend that pointed out that he thought that Franklin had a problem with pride and so Franklin endeavored to be more humble. He attributed his humility, or sometimes his appearance of humility, with allowing him to hold so much weight with his fellow citizens. Franklin also strove for truth, sincerity, and integrity in all of his business dealings. Not only did Franklin improve intellectually and morally but he also made improvements in business. In little time after becoming an apprentice to his brother, he exhibited great proficiency in the printing business. He was able to take a failing newspaper and make it profitable by developing a better type and better print which led to an increase in the number of subscribers. He made a mold to be used in printing houses to combat the problem of equipment deficiencies. He also made a copper press to print paper money. He filled the spaces in Poor Richard’s Almanac with proverbial sentences for the benefit of its readers. Similarly, he made use of newspapers to communicate instruction. Franklin also contributed greatly to social improvements in his day. He formed a club of mutual improvement called JUNTO. He started the Philadelphia public library which was an institution that was imitated by other towns. He laid the ground work for a more effective city watch and started the first fire company. He established a Philosophical Society in Pennsylvania and also an academy that grew into the University of Pennsylvania. He invented a more efficient and economical stove known as the Franklin stove. He helped in the establishing of a hospital in Philadelphia and also in streets being paved. Franklin was generally successful in his attempts at self-improvement, excelling from an early age. He attempted to be the best person he could be and genuinely desired to help others. He convinced coworkers to stop drinking and spend their money of food instead and also loaned money to them. He loaned money to his friends, Collins and Ralph, even though they took advantage of him and never repaid their debts. He recognized that Keimer was only using him to train his workers and then was going to fire him, yet Franklin still cheerfully put Keimer’s printing house in order. Franklin was also always eager to help young beginners. He further demonstrated that he was not a self-promoter when he had a chance for a better business deal but declined because of the obligations he felt he had with his current partners. III. CONCLUSION Franklin has long been revered as one of the great figures of American history. As a Founding Father, he was instrumental in the early days of shaping the American government. Throughout his lifetime, he strove for improvement in intellectual, moral, business, and social areas and was successful in his attempts in each of these areas. He was a benevolent individual who desired to help others, and he authored his autobiography in the hope that posterity would follow his example and reap the same benefits References Benjamin Franklin: Glimpses of the Man. 1994. The Franklin Institute Science Museum. http://www.fi.edu/franklin/ (accessed June 4, 2012). Franklin, Benjamin. 1909. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Ed. Charles W. Eliot. New York: P F Collier Son Company.

The important of english in hong kong Essay Example for Free

The important of english in hong kong Essay We always heard that learning the English is a lifelong Journey, it seems that English become our life, most of Hong Kong student have a better result on English rather than Chinese. It bring out a concern about is it a right decision that we to regard English as important. A focus will be placed on the importance on English, the demand of using English and the advice on the language policy. The parents, teachers and the politicians believe that English is important as the English status in the world is higher than other language. For the parents, they hope heir son or daughter can study as the English-medium secondary school rather than the Chinese-medium school, they believes mainly study can increase the opportunity of enroll to the university and let their children go oversea for further study. For the teachers, many teaching material are come from foreign country, so they believe that use the English for teaching purpose can have a better education quality. For the politicians, be the part of global, the politician needs to communicate and cooperate with other country to formulate the international policy, so they choose the English e the common language for communication. English become important language is mainly have two reasons. English has appeared as the worlds unofficial international language. According to the data of Ethnologic, English is listed as the official or co- official language of over 45 countries (including Hong Kong) and is spoken extensively in other countries where it has no official status. The second reason is English is the language of science, aviation, business, diplomacy, and tourism. Many business deals in Hong Kong are conducted in English. 60% of all scientific papers nd Journals are written in English. Over 70% of all mail is written and addressed in English. Most international tourism, aviation and diplomacy is mainly conducted in English. I remember there have an example in the lecture Chinese plot have poor English and cannot communicate with the USA plot. Since United Kingdom and America have got a well development on the academic, also the United States is regarded as the most influential country on the military and in different international and their official language is English, so it makes English become important. Undoubtedly, the status of English are always in a high level, for my experience, when I get further study in the university, English become the most frequently language I use, all the lesson I take was teaching in English, all the information I found or the journal are also written in English, it seem that my academic are cannot live without English. Learning English are also can increase our competiveness in global. Therefore, I agree that the believe of parent, teachers and the politicians. the important of english in hong kong By vangie_shek

Difficulties of Cost Control in Construction Industry

Difficulties of Cost Control in Construction Industry CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem Statement: In every industry, cost control is a must in order to make sure that a project or production can make maximum profit or to make sure that the budget of a project does not burst. Locally, the actual costs of development of a project will normally being higher than necessary. In order to have an effective cost control in construction industry, it is necessary for us to determine the difficulties of cost control and to identify the factors contribute to the cost control difficulties in a project in order to overcome the difficulties or to avoid those factors that may cause difficulties to cost control of a construction project during construction stage, thus to have an effective cost control for the construction project and complete the project within the budget or under budget. 1.2 Aim and Objective: The aim of this paper is to study the difficulties of cost control in construction industry during the construction stage. In order to achieve the study of aim, some objectives have been established as below: To ascertain the importance of applying cost control in local construction industry. To highlight the cost control difficulties in local construction firm during the construction stage. To investigate the factors contributing to cost control difficulties in local construction firm during construction stage. 1.3 Background: Cost control is a process that should be continued throughout the project life cycle of a project. In construction industry, cost control should be continued from the inception of the project until the completion of the project to ensure that the cost of the construction project is kept within the agreed cost limits. For cost control of construction industry, it can be divided into two major stages; the control of cost during design stages and the control of cost by construction firm right after the commencement of the construction work of the construction project. According to Ashworth (2004), cost and schedule control is one of the most important functions of management once a project is identified. Cost control is paramount during the feasibility and design phases because a projects feasibility is normally tied to the cost of a project. Besides that, cost control during the construction phase can be paramount for large projects due to their potentially high construction cost and profiles. As mentioned by Nunnally (1998), the measuring and collecting the cost record of a project and the work progress are included in the cost control of a project. Besides that, the comparison of actual progress with the planning is also involved. The main purpose of cost control of a project is to gain maximum profit within the designated period and satisfactory quality of work. According to Pilcher (1994), he defined cost control as the regulation, by executive action, of the cost of carrying out the various activities which go to make up a project or a contract. The regulation (for cost control) designed for a specific industry will need a major modification if it is used in other industry because of the different nature or the business. He also said that for all construction projects, costs must be controlled and monitored from all the parties involved including client, consultants and contractor. This study will mainly focus on the difficulties of applying cost control during construction stage. That is because of in my opinion, what is needed in a cost control methodology is to proactively seeks out potential difficulties and factors contributed to those difficulties and provides project managers with as much warning as possible before their occurrence. This study provides a milestone for construction firm in the factors that likely to causes the difficulty in cost control. 1.4 Scope of Study: Cost Control is commonly used in every industry and almost in every project, the study will only focused on cost control difficulties of construction industry or a construction project during the construction stage. This study will ascertain the importance and the use of applying cost control in local construction industry. Besides that, the difficulties in applying cost control during construction stage also falls within the scope of this study. After highlighting the difficulties theoretically, an interview will be conducted with experienced Contract Executive or Contact Manager or Project Manager to determine the difficulties of cost control during construction stage practically. Finally, after understanding the difficulties of cost control during construction stage, the factors contributing to cost control difficulties during construction stage will also be highlighted. 1.5 Research Methodology The study is conducting in three stages. First stage is literature review. The literature review will started with the introduction to cost control. In the introduction to cost control, the definition of cost control will be reviewed and the literature will also review the importance of cost control in construction industry. Moreover, the literature also will review the difficulties of applying cost control during construction stage. Furthermore, articles and notes about the cost control difficulties will be searched. All literature will be review deeply by referring the previous research paper, article, journal and etc. These sources can all be found in Google, Emerald, Yahoo and from the library of College Tunku Abdul Rahman. At second stage, an interview will be conducted with experienced Contract Executive or Contracts Manager or Project Manager face-to-face to obtain the information about their current practices in cost control system of their company, the practical difficulties and factors contributing to the difficulties in cost control will be identified by the Contract Executive or Contract Manager or Project Manager. The chosen Contract Executive or Contract Manager or Project Manager must be experienced enough in cost management of construction industry and willing to provide valuable information regarding the research topic. Last stage is writing up the content of the dissertation and the information obtained during the interview will be analyse and compare with the theoretical information. Conclusion of this study should be the result of the comparison between the practical and theoretical difficulties during cost control of construction stage faced by the contractor. 1.6 Benefits of Study By conducting this study, it allows me to have a rough idea on the Cost Control system. Completing this study also gives me a better understanding regarding the purposes and importance of Cost Control. Besides that, it also provides me with better perception regarding the difficulties during the application of Cost Control during construction stage. Furthermore, the interview conducted with the experienced Personnel will definitely allow me to review the current practices of Cost Control in the construction industry. 1.7 Dissertation Organisation Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Cost Control Chapter 3: Research Design and Methodology Chapter 4: Analysis of the Result and Discussion Chapter 5: Conclusion CHAPTER 2: COST CONTROL 2.1 Introduction to Cost Control 2.1.1 Definition The term Cost is defined by Dictionary.com (an application of iPod Touch) as the price paid to acquire, produce, accomplish, or maintain anything. Whereas the term Control in Dictionary.com, it defines Control as the act or power of controlling; regulation; domination or command. For construction industry, the term Cost should be referred to the amount paid by a party; either a person or a corporation, to another party; normally a contractor, either to construct a complete building or a particular section of a building. And for the term Control in construction industry, it should be referred to an official mean of regulation or restraint in the management of the project. According to Marchesan and Formoso (n. d.), the combination of the term Cost and Control should be defined as the application of procedures that result in early illumination of potential changes in resource requirements and in the timely surveillance of the usage of funds to permit action that will keep cost within a predetermined range. While for the other definition of Cost Control, we can refer to Ashworth (2004), he defined Cost Control as a process of planning, checking and verifying project expenditure based on established standards and taking the necessary corrective action to ensure that the total project expenditure is approximately to the estimated budget. While according to Ritz (1994), he stated that Cost Control gives a different meaning to a different people. Some people engage it with engineering costs; some states that it is a cost report, value engineering, cost management etc. Cost Control involves all the activities above in different time by different parties and all the parties involved in a project will have their own responsibilities and roles in cost minimization and Cost Control. Other than that, Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyor Committee defined Cost Control as the total proves which ensures that the contract sum is within the clients approved budget or cost limit. Further definition can refer to Mueller (1986), he stated that the cost control is the ability to influence the final cost of project positively with modifying negative performance trends. In addition, Kwayke (1997) defined Cost Control as a process where construction cost of a project is manage with the best method and systematic approach in order that the contractor would not suffer losses during the execution of the activities of the project and the cost of construction of a project would not be over-estimated by the developer. By concluding all the definition mentioned above, Cost Control in construction industry should be the application of procedures or regulation during the construction project life cycle to plan, check and verify the construction project expenditure based on the established procedures or regulations to ensure that the construction project expenditure is within the project budget, within given timeframe with quality specified and also to ensure that resources are used to best advantages or maximization of the profit for the construction project. 2.1.2 Statement of Facts in Cost Control As stated by Roger (2000), he said that Cost Control is a broad set of cost accounting methods and management techniques with the common goal of improving business cost-efficiency by reducing costs, or at least restricting their rate of growth. Cost Control is used in business to monitor, evaluate and the most important to increase the efficiency of specific areas within their operations. As for Nunnally (1998), he stated that cost control of a project involves measuring and collecting cost record and work progress of a project. Besides that, comparison of actual progress with the planning is also involved. He also mentioned that the main objective of Cost Control of a project is to maximize profit within the given timeframe and to achieve satisfactory quality of work. If the application of cost control is by a systematic procedure, it will result in ease of collection of important cost data in estimating and controlling of the cost of the coming projects in future. Kwakye (1997) states the main purpose in cost controlling for a construction project should be active controlling of final costs for owner, and not just to record and registering the payment. Cost Control Reports must be prepared for efficient Cost Control. The Cost Control Report is based on the cost data collected, it is important to project the costs in to future and to estimate or re-estimate the cost of the work yet to be completed. Amount of detail and the time interval between Cost Control Reports must be considered and the time interval is varied depends on the level of management for which they prepared the Reports for. For example, Cost Report should be received by site manager on weekly basis. Since the commencement of the contract, any new information must be taken into account and makes a suitable reporting system is important for a cost control system. According to Koh (2005), if an adequate reporting system is used, the estimator would become more reluctant in the future to use cost data that have been fed back from the site and granting the estimator some time to determine sufficient detail about the data and conditions they acquired. In addition, Koh (2005) also suggested two areas to check whether the Cost Control reporting system is efficient or not. First is to check on the profitability of the work and second would be check on efficiency carried out against the standard of the output rates that were used by the estimator in compiling the estimate. 2.1.3 The Purposes and Importance of Cost Control One of the principal objectives of Cost Control for most project or organisation is the achievement of minimum cost for a particular project. Achievement of minimum cost is to maximize the profit and profit in simple terms is what is left after all the income accruing to the enterprise has been received and all of the costs or outgoings have been paid. For all construction projects, cost must be monitored and controlled, whether from the point of view of owner, designer or a contractor. It helps to distinguish the problems arise and understanding of the problems which occur in each phase of industry enables better co-ordination of the activities of the many participants in a single project (Pilcher, 1994). Besides that, according to Pilcher (1994), the importance of Cost Control is due largely to the following: To provide the relevant feedback, carefully qualified in detail by all the conditions under which the work has been carried out, to the estimator who is responsible for establishing the standards both historical and future; To provide the client with a value-for-money project. Example: To give the building client a building which is soundly constructed, of satisfactory appearance and well suited to perform the functions for which it is required, combined with economical construction layout. To provide data to assist in the valuation of those variations that will arise during the course of the work; To provide immediate warning of uneconomic operations, both in the long and the short term; To limit the clients expenditure to within the amount agreed. In simple terms this means that the tender sum and final account should approximately equate with the budget estimate. To achieve balanced design expenditure between the various elements of the buildings. Thus, the sums allocated to cladding, insulation, finishing, services and other elements of the building will be properly related to the class of building and to each other. To summarize progress. To promote cost consciousness; The contractor may ascertain the maximum income that they may receive according to the contract sum, then ascertain the initial cost expenditure, or provide detailed brief to his own construction team who will then determine the actual cost that may involved. But most schemes are a combination of these two extremes. There has in recent years been a great need for an understanding of construction economics and Cost Control, particularly during the construction stage of projects. As stated by Ashworth (2004), Cost Control also should serve the following purposes: The clients requirements today are more complex, a more effective system of control is therefore desirable during the construction stage up to the completion of final account and thereafter during costs-in-use. There has been a trend towards modern designs and new techniques, materials and methods of construction. The designer is able to choose from a far wider range of products and this has produced variety in construction. The traditional methods of estimating are unable to cope in these circumstances to achieve value for money and more balanced designs resulting that in the end the contractor may need to bear for extra cost due to the faulty design. Contractors profit margins have in real terms been reduced considerably during the past decade. This has resulted in their greater cost-consciousness in an attempt to redress possible losses. There is a general trend towards greater cost-effectiveness, and thus a need to examine construction costs not solely in the context of initial costs but in terms of whole-life costs, or total-cost appraisal. World recession has generally produced a shortage of funds for capital purposes and construction in general. This has been coupled with high inflation and interest charges, resulting in the costs of construction soaring to high levels. Although the relative costs compared with other commodities may be similar, the apparent high costs have resulted in greater caution, particularly on the part of contractor. 2.2 Difficulties of Applying Cost Control Procedures At present, serious problems exist in the cost control and management of construction project. For example, for some construction project, the design is earlier than the study of feasibility, which makes the later turn into useless. In bidding, some construction companies perform illegally, which makes the bidding fail to control project cost well. The popularization of assigned subcontracts and various subcontracts serve as potential threats for project quality. The delay for project payment, especially for workers wages, is serious. Some projects can not manage the changes of designs, construction companies fail to follow the designs completely, which may lead to larger costs for construction. Some construction companies emphasize on the control of quality and period but fail to control the cost. All these activities make the cost of construction project out of control in our country, which is harmful for the sustainable and healthy development of construction industry. Gao (2009) has stated that the following is the difficulties in Cost Control of construction stage. 2.2.1 Fail to Estimate the Project Exactly The project estimation is performed at the very beginning, namely in the study of feasibility. Present compilation of study of feasibility is lack of details. No effective items to control the number of project. The estimation has a lower preciseness. Besides, the study of feasibility has no necessary investigation. Some potential geological disasters can not be identified effectively, which leads to the rise of costs. Although some companies make details for implement, the effect is poor. In order to establish the project, some companies may reduce the number of project and decrease costs. 2.2.2 The Compilation of Project Budget Has Poor Reliability At the stage of design, the investigation is far from sufficient. Some fundamental materials for design are inexact. As a result, the design may be irrational and will be changed significantly in construction, which causes the poor reliability of budget. 2.2.3 Working Drawing Budget is Unpractical At the working drawing design stage, compile the project budget according to the design. The working drawing budget is to calculate the cost of design. The rationality of working drawing budget is about how to organize the construction and how to reach the design requirements by what kinds of methods, plus how to arrange the construction period, and how to manage workers and machines under different seasons, according to scientific designs. All these tasks are supposed to be arranged by construction companies. For design companies, to compile the budget is unpractical. 2.2.4 Do not Follow Basic Construction Procedures and Can not Control Costs For some projects, time is urgent. Therefore, the design is maybe imperfect. And the construction does not follow the basic procedures strictly. Sometimes, the study of feasibility turns into useless papers. As a result, the estimation and the budget can not control the project cost effectively. 2.2.5 Contract is not Managed Well Some developers neglect to manage contracts. They do not follow the terms written in contracts strictly. Besides, some developers can not calculate the cost of project quantities correctly. They are incapable of managing external workers effectively. 2.2.6 Irregular Management and Many Changes for Project Developers can not design properly and have to change the management methods. Or, the execution is weak. They can change the design as will. Then, the scale of project is increasing and the cost is rising. 2.2.7 Rise of Cost Due to Unreasonable Financing Structure At present, the funds for construction project in Malaysia are mainly from domestic loans, foreign funds, self-collected by construction companies, and other sources. Although financing ways are few and some are immature, limits are more. Sometimes, funds can not arrive in time. In order to insure the process of project, the construction companies have to apply loans from banks. Therefore, a large proportion of construction funds are from banks as loans. And the credit period is long and can not match with investment return. The characteristics of construction industry determine the lagged-behind investment return. One financing channel increases risks and costs, which leads to the accumulation of loan balance in banks, increasing construction costs and pressures for later in operation. 2.2.8 System is imperfect One of the factors that cause overspending is the management. Main items that cause overspending include management fees, compensation fees for removing, and supervision. Main reasons include: Lack of a perfect cost control system and can not manage and control the cost systematically, which makes it hard to identify the out-of-control of cost in time. Lack the idea of cost control and the constraint mechanism. Project managers are always focusing on quality and construction period, but not cost control. The absence of system makes the expenditure more irregular. No integrated standards for management fee are effective. Workers are more than necessary in construction companies. 2.3 Factors Contributing to the Difficulties of Cost Control 2.3.1 Control of labour cost The control of labour cost frequently causing much troubles to Cost Control because of the productivity of labour is variable and causing the difficulty to the estimating stage. Although experienced estimators have their own database of historic cost data, but these data can only ever be regarded as an average for a given trade and does not make allowance for particular circumstances. A prediction of how labour will perform in the future on a particular project must be incorporated into an estimate of cost. Site management is greatly affecting the labour efficiency and their productivity. It is important that all labour resources, either self-employed or employed as labour and materials sub-contractors, are fully supervised and co-ordinated, to ensure that the labour resources are efficiently organized and making best used of them. If the labour resources are not well organized, it may reduce the productivity of the labour and making cost of labour to be higher hence causing difficulties to Cost Control because the labour cost is different with the estimated cost. 2.3.2 Site Condition After the design of engineer, quantity surveyor will normally estimate the amount of the designed work, but due to the site condition is unpredictable, it cause the cost estimation is rather difficult. In many of the construction project, there are majority of unforeseen and differing site condition are found in subsurface work such as tunneling and foundation work, such situation can also arise in rehabilitation and restoration work, retrofitting to meet revised seismic codes and projects that improve energy efficiency. Where ground water level is close to the surface of the site, closely pumping operation may be needed throughout the substructure work. This unforeseen situation will increase the construction cost. A wet site may also involve raising temporary sheds and offices on brick bases and more costly temporary work. The cost of excavation in rock is much more expensive than working in normal ground. This type of strata will need to be examined and to determine what type of support is needed to the sides of excavation. All this will contribute to the difficulty in cost control when the construction method is carried out wrongly. 2.3.3 Location of site The cost of building on a site in a city could be much expensive than construct a similar building on a provincial site. This is due to higher wages, materials and other costs. For instance, a project on a remote location site may involve long lengths of temporary access road and of temporary power cable for electricity suppliers and increased costs of transporting operatives and materials to the site. A site in a congested central area of a city will give rise to major problem in delivery and storage of materials and equipment, protection of adjoining building, construction method to carry out substructure work, restriction on the use of mechanical plant and to the protection of the public. Overcoming these problem involve considerable additional cost and all these will considerably contribute to the difficulty in cost control. 2.3.4 Materials In some of the guides the cost of materials can be easily identified, and adjustment to the measured rate is therefore a simple process. Material prices often depend on contractor, location, quantity and discount and hence making the estimation process to be rather difficult. The materials wastage of site will also contribute to this because there will be difference between the actual amount used and the estimated amount used. 2.3.5 Overheads and profit In most case, during the estimation process, the amount of overheads and profit will normally just referred back to previous projects. But the amounts included in the published rates vary considerably. In some guides nothing has been allowed, and these expect the user to add an appropriate amount. In other information, up to 25% has been included on margins of 3%. In addition, overhead costs have generally been reduced in order to keep costs to an absolute minimum, while seeking to maintain the required workload. Builders will therefore need to access their own percentage and adjust this according to that quoted. Surveyors, in attempting to predict tender values, will also need to take this into account in their approximate estimate. 2.4 Chapter Summary Cost Control in construction industry should be the application of procedures or regulation during the construction project life cycle to plan, check and verify the construction project expenditure based on the established procedures or regulations to ensure that the construction project expenditure is within the project budget, within given timeframe with quality specified and also to ensure that resources are used to best advantages or maximization of the profit for the construction project. Cost Control need to serves the purposes like to provide the relevant feedback, to provide the client with a value-for-money project, to provide data to assist in the valuation, to provide immediate warning of uneconomic operations, to limit the clients expenditure, to achieve balanced design expenditure, to summarize progress and to promote cost consciousness. Difficulties of Cost Control during construction stage are failed to estimate the project exactly, the compilation of project budget has poor reliability, working drawing budget is unpractical, do not follow basic construction procedures and can not control costs, contract is not managed well, irregular management and many changes for project, rise of cost due to unreasonable financing structure and system is imperfect. Factors that contribute to those difficulties are control of labour cost, site Condition, location of site, materials and overheads and profit. It is necessary for management to study the difficulties involved and the factors contributing to these difficulties so that they will design a cost control system that more efficient for a particular project. Chapter 3: Research design and methodology 3.1 Introduction In this chapter, the research methodology used in this research will be discussed. The method of conducting research to achieve the aim and objectives will be reviewed to ensure that all the information obtained is reliable. Among two research strategies that suggested by Naoum (2007), which is Quantitative Research and Qualitative Research, Qualitative Research will be used as the research strategy for this dissertation. The reason to use Qualitative Research is because of it allows the topic being studied to give much valuable answers to questions put to them. Structured interview will be conducted with at least five (5) contractors so that sufficient information can be obtained to proceed with the field work. The interview will be carried out face to face with the interviewee, however, it also may be carried out over the telephone or any other methods like email or webcam. The targeted personnel to be interviewed are contract executive, contract manager or the project manager of the company. Since it is a structured interview, the questions to be asked are presented in the same order and with the same wording to all interviewees. The main objectives of this interview section are to clearly understand the ability of the contractor in cost control and the difficulties that they are dealing with during cost control of project they undertake. While the other objectives are to ascertain the importance of cost control during construction stage with the contractor and last but not least to investigate the factors that contribute to difficulties that they are dealing with during cost control. The interviewing session has the advantage of providing experience or opinion based information for the dissertation. Questions prepared are open- ended questions for the interview so that in-depth information can be collected. The questions are set by referring to the aim and objectives, data obtained will be of the opinions and perception as individual interviewee knowledge and experience of research area. 3.2 Questionnaire Construction The principles that are followed in constructing the questionnaire for the research are as shown in Figures 3.1 below: Research objectives + Literature review Questions Lead to Lead to Issues, topics and ideas Principles on how research objectives are translated into specific questions. (Naoum, 2007) Before constructing the questionnaire, the potential ideas which can be developed into a questionnaire at a later stage are listed out. In order to have the ideas to develop into questionnaire, the research proposal and the literature review is reviewed and all possible questions which are related to the research is written down to obtained the first thought questions. Those listed out question are all based on the aim and objectives of the research. After the first thought questions have been identified, the final questionnaire is constructed by introducing a number of section or categories for the questionnaire and the first thought questions are fitted into these sections. The research questionnaire was divided into two sections in which the first section is to obtain the back ground and information of the interviewees as well as their organization. This is to ensur

Euthanasia is Morally Wrong :: Against Euthanasia

The matter of euthanasia continues to be a contentious issue within today’s society. Over the past years, there have been a slew of debates that have tried to justify the practice of assisted suicide, otherwise known as euthanasia. Gallup’s survey in 2007 served to illustrate this fact by showing that over 75 percent of Americans believe that euthanasia should be permitted. However, what Americans have failed to discern is that legalizing any form of euthanasia goes against the sanctity of life and will result in no limitations to the justifications of why it is being performed. It seems as if society has become so debauched that the American people honestly feel that they can condone ending the life of a precious individual. Perhaps in order for one to construct a fitting viewpoint on euthanasia, one must be knowledgeable on the philology and background of euthanasia, along with having a clear comprehension of some underlying terms. Euthanasia is a term which â€Å"derived from the Greek word â€Å"euthanatos†, meaning simply a good death† (Perri, 1996). This word is extremely vulnerable to the various interpretations of all people; therefore, many people fall short when it comes to understanding the two distinct types of euthanasia. These two unique types are known as active and passive euthanasia. Active euthanasia is described as being â€Å"the deliberate ending of a person’s life with the intent of reducing that person’s suffering† (Perri, 1996). For instance, active euthanasia can be as simple as injecting a patient with a harmful toxin. On the other hand passive euthanasia is typically defined as the â€Å"withdrawing of medical treatment with the intention of causing the patient's death† ("Types of euthanasia," 2001). Now an example of passive euthanasia is simply when a patient is perishing and the doctor choices not to recover them. Now it is imperative that one recognizes the distinction between active and passive euthanasia. Another aspect in which euthanasia can be classified is as involuntary or voluntary. Involuntary euthanasia â€Å"is when a patient’s life is ended without the patient’s knowledge and consent† ("Types of euthanasia," 2001). A perceptible example of involuntary euthanasia is when a patient is in a coma and does not have the capability to decide what should happen to him. Lastly, the subject of voluntary euthanasia is â€Å"the patient requests that an action be taken to end his life, or that life-saving treatment be stopped, with full knowledge that this will lead to his death† ("Types of euthanasia," 2001).

Moral Economy in Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe and Locke’s Second Treatise of Government :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Moral Economy in Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe and Locke’s Second Treatise of Government James Joyce on Robinson Crusoe: â€Å"†¦the man alone, on a desert island, constructing a simple and moral economy which becomes the basis of a commonwealth presided over by a benevolent sovereign† (Liu 731). Issues of property and ownership were important during the 18th century both to scholars and the common man. The case of America demonstrates that politicians, such as Thomas Jefferson, were highly influenced by John Locke’s ideas including those on property and the individual’s right to it. Readers in the revolutionary era were also deeply interested in issues of spirituality and independence and read Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe. Both Locke and Defoe address the issues of property, private ownership, and property accumulation, connecting them with the notions of individual and political independence. Although they appear to converge, their philosophies vary greatly on these topics. Several scholars conclude that both Defoe’s and Locke’s ideals support the development of a moral economy although neither express this desire directly. Locke theorizeds extensively on property, privatization, and the means an individual can use for increasing his property. Initially, in the state of nature, man did not own property in the form of resources or land. All fruits of the earth were for the use of all men,â€Å"and nobody has originally a private dominion, exclusive of the rest of mankind, in any of them, as they are thus in their natural state† (Locke 353). In this state, people could appropriate only what they could make use of. It was unfair for one person to take more than he could use because some of that natural commodity would go to waste unless another man might have made use of it for his own benefit (360). Locke felt that God gave the bounties of nature to the people of earth and they, by default, should treat these bounties rationally. This rationalistic theory discourages waste. According to Locke’s theory, a commodity becomes the private possession of an individual who labors for it. Thus it is no longer a direct gift of nature: [A man] â€Å"that so employed his pains about any of the spontaneous products of nature, as any way to alter them from the state which nature put them in, by placing any of his labour on them, did thereby acquire a propriety in them† ( 360).

Physiological Changes and Effects Reported by Users and/or Survivors of LSD :: Chemistry Chemical Essays Science

Physiological Changes and Effects Reported by Users and/or Survivors of LSD Lysergic acid diethylamide is one of the most potent hallucinogens on the drug circuit and had been in this top position for many years. First discovered by Albert Hoffman when it was absorbed through his fingers while he was conducting a routine synthesis. Today LSD is a widely popular recreational drug in which its users are looking for the non addictive euphoria that comes with ingesting this substance. LSD is derived from the fungus found on rye and is presented to users in a variety of methods. Some of the most common ways LSD is taken is by tablet, or in its liquid form laced into products such as blotter paper, postage stamps and chewing gum. LSD is commonly called "acid" by users and is an odorless, colorless substance. LSD has been in prevalent in society for decades and was extremely popular in the 60's and 70's. Its popularity weekend in the late 70's and throughout the 80's, but again is making a comeback as one of the most abused drugs on the market today. Users take LSD in varying doses the most common ranging from 20- 80 micrograms. According to the Drug Enforcement Administration these levels are drastically reduced from the common doses of the 60's and 70's. Common doses taken in that time were between 100 and 200 micrograms (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2005). Different doses account for the intensity of the experience was has when taking LSD. All of the effects of LSD can be perceived on a spectrum of intensity and prevalence. The contradiction to this is if a user frequently uses this drug, they build up a tolerance that can not be overturned just by taking LSD in higher doses. Some minor effects may still occur but it will be of little intensity and possibly of a shorter duration. After one ingests LSD it is absorbed by their gastrointestinal tract and is soon flowing in their blood stream and in turn to the users brain. Onsets of the drug, when the user will begin to notice effects, can ranger from thirty to approximately ninety minutes. After the initial onset of the drug, one may feel effects from it for twelve or more hours. Unlike amphetamines which when using a urine test can be detected for seventy two hours after use, LSD is usually

How does Shaw introduce his ideas about society and language in the first two acts of Pygmalion?

From the first two acts of Pygmalion, Bernard Shaw has already begun to develop society and language using a number of different techniques and aspects. In the first act the audience is introduced to three main social classes all brought together by the weather. We see their stereotyped judgements, their attitudes and prejudices against each other. It is Higgins belief that men trying to climb the social ladder will â€Å"give themselves away every time they open their mouths† (Act 1). Shaw also uses accent, revealing society's bias that accent is the key to social status. This is already apparent through the proleptic irony of Liza, and the status of those around her. Humour is used to show how different the characters' situations are. Each class has at least one character that is humorous, but all their wit and comedy originates from different sources, for example Liza and her need for money. The first two acts of Pygmalion show great insight into the well-rounded representatives, which will come together and make Shaw's image of society. Shaw commences by exploring the different social classes. All classes have been unexpectedly gathered under a shelter from the rain and bustling streets of London. There are three main types. The upper class consisting of Higgins and Pickering, the servants consisting of Mrs Pearce, and the lower class consisting of the Dolittles. The assortment of social classes have little respect of each other, but are together cautiously civil. However Higgins disrupts the peace by commenting that a woman who talks with a cockney accent has â€Å"no right to live† (Act 1). He sees no harm in expressing his extreme prejudices, widening the gap between the social classes. This prejudice is seen in act two when Higgins describes the current stranger, Alfred Dolittle, as a â€Å"blackguard. † He makes the assumption that Dolittle is an uncivil, unpleasant human being simply because he is Liza's father and therefore the same class. Even Pickering assumes they will â€Å"have trouble with him†(Act 2). This is a rare example in the first two acts of Pickering sharing the same prejudices as Higgins. In act two Pickering urges take â€Å"no advantage† of Liza's position. Shaw avoids using stereotypes. He portrays Higgins as a man who goes in the opposite direction to the rest of society in most matters. He would take the chance of trying to turn Liza into â€Å"the Queen of Sheba† (Act 1). He is impatient with high society, forgetful of his public graces, and poorly considerable of normal social niceties. Along with believing he alone has the ability to change a persons direction in life. Shaw also represents the differences between the social classes in the characters of Liza and Clara, the daughter. Clara is a weak, fragile character. Her reaction when Freddy fails to find her a cab is â€Å"Do you expect us to go and get one ourselves? â€Å"(Act 1) She is impatient and completely dependent on others. However, lower down in social status in Liza who is a complete contrast. She is witty and strong. She encourages the gentleman by telling him to â€Å"cheer up; and buy a flower off a poor girl. † Unlike Clara she is very independent which is also shown in Act two when she asks Higgins for lesson. In this case Higgins main belief is that Liza's accent can change her status. Higgins' is, of course, extremely biased. He believes that † a woman who utters such depressing and disgusting sounds has no right to be anywhere† (Act 1). He represents a side to society, which many people may outwardly oppose, but internally agree with. He believes that Liza's English â€Å"will keep her in the gutter to the end of her days† (Act 1) It is his conviction that the key to social status is accent. Higgins' has a higher social status than Liza, so disapproves of her accent. The contrast of Liza and Higgins' expression and pronunciation shows how Shaw has introduced society and language in Pygmalion. Liza's coarse and broad cockney accent can be difficult to represent without the phonetic alphabet. She asks, â€Å"Ow, eez ye-ooa san, is e? â€Å"(Act 1) meaning ‘oh he's your son, is he? ‘ This is a complete conflict with Higgins â€Å"resorting to the most thrillingly beautiful low tones†(Act 1. ) The imaginably high-pitched shrieks, â€Å"Ah-ah-ah-ow-ow-oo,† of Liza's expression supports Higgins' theory that a cockney accent is less widely accepted. The contrast in pronunciation represents the contrast in social status. The variety of accents and expressions is also evident in the humour from the different social classes. Shaw uses humour to introduce society and language by concentrating their humour on their circumstances. The audience can see this through Liza and Higgins. When Liza becomes annoyed with Higgins she exclaims, â€Å"Don't be so saucy. † When Higgins is asked about Liza he jokes â€Å"put her in the dustbin†. Both these remarks are very comical. Higgins and Liza use many of the same techniques in their humour as they are obvious, rude, witty and smart mouthed. However, the majority of their humour is based around their status. Liza is comical about her desperation for money and her ignorance of higher classes. She cries, â€Å"I've never took off all my clothes before. It's not right. † She doesn't understand any other way of living, but her own. However, Higgins' source of humour originates from his high status, and good education. He amuses other characters and the audience by assessing where they are from. He boasts, â€Å"your mother's Epsom, unmistakeably. † His irritating intelligence complicates civil situations. Higgins' also uses sarcasm and continually mocks those of a lower class, again portraying his narrow-mindedness. He exclaims, â€Å"Shall we ask this baggage to sit down or throw her out the window,†(Act 2). He is purposely rude and unlike with his own class, he fails to be courteous and apologize. Higgins' is portrayed as a cheeky, yet charming character. He makes the most iconoclastic, scandalous statements, but all with such wit and humour that the audience cannot help but find his ideas attractive. In the same way, Alfred Dolittle's tactics of persuasion and lack of morals are humorous. He describes Liza by saying â€Å"in the light of a young woman, she's a fine handsome girl. As a daughter, she's not worth her keep† (Act 2). He will happily exchange his daughter for money, using light-hearted, humorous language. Freddy's humour is based around a much more simple situation, but still reflects his status. The woman left him â€Å"with a cab on my hands! Damnation! † His dilemma is laughed at and not with. The fact he orders a cab and then becomes frustrated that he has one, shows the insignificant problems of the higher class compared to the poorer classes. Therefore, Bernard Shaw introduces his ideas about society and language in the first two acts by investigating the different aspects of the characters class and status. He develops his image of society by portraying the clear boundaries which separate class through characters, accent and expression, and humour. Through the prejudices which are displayed, Shaw delivers the subtle message that inside we are all the same, just as Liza believes that her â€Å"character is the same to me as any lady's† (Act 1). Shaw begins to use the characters, their lives, attitudes and language to reflect Society's intolerance and discrimination.

Collegial And Formal Type Of Leadership Concerning Head Teachers

This assignment consists of two parts. In the first fraction, the theoretical reputations of collegiate and egg type of stellar(a) be considered and comp bed to the heading instructor s pop off to which the generator is familiar within the educational ashes of Cyprus. The head instructor s parting will be analysed in twain(prenominal) lead vogues. In the second portion, the author compresss on the premises made some the aim organisation and its determine with the collegiate and buckram types of star. The assignment ends with a finality found on the writer s apprehension of preeminent that emerges from a consideration of both theory and intention in relation to these two theoretical accounts. disassociate 1Harmonizing to Pashiardis ( 1995 ) the educational remains in Cyprus has a bureaucratic construction and give lessons principals be invariably searching to fill up the administrative positives instead than the demands of disciples and p atomic numb er 18nts. Everything must be done in a pre-determined mode, which still leaves any infinite for mis concentrates or gives gross profit margin for divergence from the mainstream. This is the chief ground wherefore the formal theoretical account of leading is being chosen. Most of the elements of way fit into the bureaucratic construction of the Cyprian educational formation. On the otherwise manus, within the collegial theoretical account of leading the regularization organic structure of each indoctrinate is free to put extra purposes and aims that would non further profit the give instruction community scarce withal the quality of the instruction offered.collegiate lay of ManagementHarmonizing to scouring ( 1995 ) and his collegial theoretical account, the purposes emerge from a participative result whereby staff reach an understanding base on super C value. The leader in a collegial theoretical account believes that civilise staff should ever be a squad in re dact to be impressive and that everyone should be gnarly in all activities refering the school patterns. In this instance, all instructors should hold a common vision, set a mission and be cognizant of their function to guarantee the victory of the academic endeavor.The elements of collegiate Model atomic number 18 the acts by which ends are determined by the nature of last procedure and the leading manner. The collegial theoretical account is based on understanding ends among the members of an organisation and nowadayss askant constructions and all members remove the even out to tear part in the determination procedure. As Kaily P. ( 2010 ) wrote Aspecific jobs can be addressed by different commissions which are ap winded at the beginning of the school year. These commissions consist of instructors harmonizing to their abilities and expertness. They undertake to turn to and tap proscribed jobs that arise during the school twelvemonth such as pupil casing by explicating a codification of behavior, specialty at school- bar and intervention, reading activities for pauperization in acquisition, larning troubles and workaroundsA ( Kaily P. E849 meshing Activity 1, 2 November 2010 ) . Further much, Palli C. ( 2010 ) Athere is a shared out leading and a bodied wizard of duty among the staff at her school. At the beginning of the school twelvemonth at that place was a deputation of functions and duties. besides the instructors had the chance to choose the commissions they wanted to be members harmonizing to their interestsA ( Palli C. E849 Web Activity 1, 3 November 2010 ) .The most positive facet of the Collegial Model is the fact that ends have already been agree, turn up to the possibility for the participant staff to concentrate and to accomplish the ends set. Everybody s aspirations, expertness and capablenesss are taken into consideration and used in a manner that fights the universal processant of the school unit. As Bennett ( 1995 ) has argued, cognition is an of import power resource. Sharing cognition in a collaborative manner requires a high grade of common authority and consensus.Formal Model of Management looking for into Bush ( 1995 ) the formal theoretical accounts of anxiety aver that aims are set at the institutional degree. Goals are determined by senior staff and the support of other instructors is taken for granted. Therefore, the activities of schools are evaluated in the tangible radiation of these official intents. Furthermore, the organisational construction is regarded as nonsubjective world. Persons hold defined places in the organisation and working relationships are anticipate to be strongly influenced by these official places. Formal theoretical accounts treat constructions as hierarchal with decision-making as a top-down procedure.In contrast to collegiality, the features ofA the formal billing modelsA harmonizing to Bush ( 2003 ) Aheads haveA authorization because of their position sA and playing area accountableA for what they do to their patron they use anyA rationalA manner to accomplish goalsaAA ( Bush, 2003, p.126 ) fits a batch to the Cypriot facts of lifeal System. non merely do public schools save besides private 1s have debt-reduction complaint programmes and everything must be centralized and economic systems of graduated table must be made. One is asked to yearly describe in in the leadhand how umpteen pupils are registered for the succeeding(prenominal) academic twelvemonth that the figure of instructors is cut back to the lower limit to salvage resources as Webb and Vulliamy ( 1996 ) reference Ain bureaucratism, efficiency, subject, control, reliabilityA is more distinguishedA ( Webb and Vulliamy, 1989, p.312 ) . Promotion is on the footing of seniorityA ( Bush 2003 ) more like a typic formal bureaucratic Cypriot school. However, later a long waiting at the age of 40-55 one eventually leaves from the low-paying Cypriot private school and is employed by a highly-benefiting Cypriot public school. When he/she gets employed in a public school, which will merely happen out merely a few yearss before the school twelvemonth starts, uncovering bureaucratism which is neither efficient nor dependable.Part 2Harmonizing to Bush and Derek ( 2003 ) leading may be understood as influence that this impression is im individualal in that it does non rise or urge what ends or actions should be sought through this procedure. However, A received alternate concepts of leading focal point on the demand for leading to be grounded in steadfast personal and victor setA ( Bush and Derek, 2003, p.4 ) . Wasserberg ( 1999 ) besides claims that Athe patriarchal coil function of any leader is the confederacy of people around cardinal determineA ( Wasserberg, 1999, p.158 ) . Furthermore, harmonizing to tax revenue ( 1985 ) values are generated externally to the person instead than being internal, personal yeasty activities. However p ersons play important function in set uping mirthful values with environments in which they go through and work. Bush ( 1998 2003 ) besides links Aleadership to values or aim while direction relates to implementation or proficient issuesA ( Bush, 1998, 2003, p.324 )Collegial theoretical account is interpinned by integrative and actuating values. Integrative values are those that serve to pull persons into collectivity and motivation values are those that shape single and corporate perceptual experiences of demands and involvements. The deduction of these values for leading function in the educational system in Cyprus could be justified since promontory instructors normally encourage the staff to take portion in any decision-making process. In this certain values are agreed in the schools. Thus the personal sentiments of ( instructors, parents pupils ) are get hold ofable by others, differences and dissensions are shown in a democratic signifier. In add-on, coaction is promote d by caput instructors. Every instructor, parent, pupil has its personal demands and involvements. detail instructors try to assist all members in personal and master copy troubles and offer ways in identify for everyone to hold a function in the school. Furthermore, caput instructors promote trust and assertion among all members, make constructive remarks and promote staff to take part in educational seminars and other educational plans.The formal leading theoretical account combines mostly regulative and directing values which seek to command the behavior of persons and groups. The equal chances and hie dealingss statute law is enacted in many developed states. Such values are an of import portion of the policy procedure both nationally and within organisations. Whether we accept or reject person else s value system is non the same as denying that it is a value which shapes their actions. This is one of the trio different sorts of Gross s ( 1985 ) classified ad values which influence different aspects of the school.A Although the ministry of Education and Culture directs schools on how to run, each school may develop its ain rules and values harmonizing to its peculiar demands and purposes. Under the counsel of the Head Teacher certain values have been defined for my school s cultivation like Equal chances for all kids as an look of cardinal human rights, the ontogenesis of pupils societal accomplishments, democratic duologue in instance of struggles among the kids, the multi-dimensional betterment of kids s personality, the enormousness of interaction with the external environment ( parents ) , and the pattern of multiple intelligences. All the above societal values are articulated within the school serve to pull persons into a formality.The manner that my school is managed promotes coaction and reduces fighting between staff. The caput instructor supports the attempts of his instructors and motivates them to portion and bring forth the school s values. He helps instructors cope with the troubles encountered and promotes respect, democracy, honestness and trust. He encourages instructors to take portion in educational seminars and provides equal chances for escort in determination doing seeking to follow democratic values. As Gross ( 1985 ) references Persons play a important function in set uping peculiar values within the environments in which they live and work. Valuess are manifested in the actions people take, including the things that they govern and the linguistic communication they use ( Gross, 1985, p.47 ) . A Harmonizing to Sergiovanni ( 2000 ) , how we resolve a job relates to the utmost to which our determination devising is dominated by the values of our life human beings and our system domain. As he interprets, system universe should be interdependent with life universe ( the kernel of values and beliefs )DecisionIn decision it can be seen that at that place has to be a leading manner which will integra te patterns from both manners of leading and which promote the development of the school through the engagement and engagement of all the staff members. A caput instructor s function is to do the vision and the mission of the school cognise to his/her staff in order for the instructors with the right cognition and ability to be mixed in the determination devising.Bennett, N. ( 1995 ) Pull slay original Teachers in-between direction in primary and secondary schools, capital of the United Kingdom, Paul Chapman.Bush, T. ( 1995 ) , 2nd edn, Theories of Educational Management, London, Paul Chapman.Bush, T. ( 1998 ) The National Professional Qualification for Headship the key to effectual school leading? , School Leadership and Management, 18 ( 3 ) 321-34.Bush, T. ( 2003 ) , Theories of Educational Management, 3rd edn. London wise.Bush, T. And Derek G. , ( 2003 ) , School Leadership Concepts and Evidence, Full ponder Spring, 2003E849 Leading and Managing for Effective Education, Stu dy Guide, ( 2003 ) , The lax University.Gross, F. ( 1985 ) , Ideologies, Goals and Values, Westport, CT, Greenwood Press.Kaily, P. E849 Web Activity 1, 2 November 2010Palli, C. , E849 Web Activity 1, 3 November 2010Pashiardis, P. ( 1995 ) , ACyprus principals and the catholicities of effectual leadershipA , International Studies in Educational Administration, Vol. 23 No. 1, pp. 16-26.Sergiovanni 2000, Effective Educational Leadership, O.U. , SageWasserberg, M. ( 1999 ) , Making the vision and doing it go on, in Tomlinson, H. , Gunter, H. and Smith, P. ( Eds. ) , Populating Headship Voices, Valuess and Vision, London, Paul Chapman.Webb, R. and Vulliamy, G. ( 1996 ) , The altering function of the primary caput instructor, Educational Management and Administration, 24 ( 3 ) , 301-15.

Cultural Dimensions of Two Countries

According to Geert Hofstede there five various dimensions of culture. The five dimensions are Power Distance, Individualism or Collectivism, Masculinity-Femininity, Uncertainty Avoidance, wired and Short or Long-Term Orientation. Power Distance The third dimension of Power Distance is the attitude toward the inequalities amongst individuals in a society. Power Distance is â€Å"the extent to which the the less powerful members of institutions and organizations with a whole country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally† (Hofstede).Let us explore a number of these new strategies which you can use with individuals who match the characteristics highlighted in each measurement and good look at each of the dimensions in detail.Superiors are very accessible and coaching. Management facilitates and empowers the individual. Power is decentralized. Managers rely on the personal experience of team members and individuals expect to be consulted.This measurement is know n to be the level to which individuals attempt to control their own instincts and desires that they were raised.

It is whether an same individual views their self-image as â€Å"We† or â€Å"I†. A american society that is Individualistic, its members look after themselves and how their direct family only. Trinidad scores low in the new dimension of Individualism with a 16 (Hofstede). It is a anti collectivist society.The Indulgence dimension is a new dimension into the design.The United States is a very individualistic culture. The US scores 91 in this dimension. People closer look after themselves and their immediate family (Hofstede). Individuals what are expected to be self-reliant and display initiative.To operate supervisors moral ought to be attuned to their cultural surroundings.

The good quality of an individual’s life is a sign of success.Being different is not a trait how that is admired. Trinidad, with a score of 58 is a masculine culture (Hofstede). Management is decisive and assertive.Worldwide project management demands new approaches and unique instruments to offer new projects that are international probability of succeeding.The goal is always to win. Conflicts are resolved individually. Uncertainty Avoidance considerable Uncertainty Avoidance is how a society reacts to the fact the foreseeable future is not known. Different cultures deal with the much anxiety that this can bring.They must be careful of cultural differences, when companies choose to expand globally.

Their culture is very less resistant to innovation. The US scores a 46 and is considerable uncertainty accepting (Hofstede). In the US, new ideas and new products are welcomed. Individuals are open to trying new own ideas and technology.Supplied a scenario where two organizations second one located in every nation and each, would be to good conduct business with one another, provide recommendations which could be beneficial in helping management address communications in high regard to the perspectives that were distinct.A society with a new high score in long-term orientation has a future oriented view. A society with a low score has a short-term important point of view. Trinidad has no score in this dimension. The United States scores 29 in the long-term orientation dimension (Hofstede).Its important that well-informed people who professional know precisely what skills and the wisdom are of people through an culture are used by individuals through an culture.

Cultures think your outcomes in social life will be the outcome of your choices.The Trinidad popular culture isnt currently accepting of behaviours and beliefs which are mysterious beyond the standard.Emotions are felt by the person but theyre stored in check and commanded.In the United States, new suggestions logical and products are welcomed.

Plagiarism Paper Essay

plagiarization is a actu alto claimhery blushtful bring on straighta office of lifea daytimes. to a vaster extent than(prenominal) and much than than than pupils ar proper wasted in their shit and aline piracy which is basic anyy reduplicate and pasting splits or objurgates from net income offices or books the easiest focus of doing performance. The rough-cut bureau of plagiarization is divergence on a website inserting key surface circumstances and bearing of speaking that for jerk off present it easier to squ be off, wherefore find a first which develops well(p) what you atomic number 18 aspect for and from in that location copy a sentence or paragraph and scatter it into your set ab off or subject document. This protrude has been give tongue to that has been freeing on for a fewer long clipping scarce save straightaway it has been of late adjudge and operaten as a trouble for society.As give lessons- suppurate childs go on their lives write utilization from new(prenominal)s their rational processes argon undeveloping beca practise they atomic number 18nt development their creativeness and inclination for such(prenominal)(prenominal) cipher as they are meant to, by victimization your sustain oral communication and acquaintance it shows a turn over reasonableness of the require for provided. piracy which is basic entirelyy the use of other communitys speech or ideas without with child(p) them assent is however quit of the customary caper of dish wizsty and cheaters. It is unbent to institute wind chess as it broadly passes undetected by profs and teachers. In al approximately(prenominal) subjects, plagiarisation fucking be minimize approximately on the whole by enamor intention of the questions asked by the professor or lecturer. By doing this it completelyow put to knead it more surd for the students to look for the blast upshot on the net then could non be plagiaries.a nonher(prenominal) ready sex of plagiarization is the reinforce ordinance the instruct or college has which approximately of each of them do and they are granted out and direct out to the students in the counterbalance of the yr which states in a do it unmortgaged modal value that plagiarisation is disparage and leave al maven be punishd. Nevertheless, it is real k nonty to penalize and tell apart who and which student is thence plagiarism which captures it a widely distri preciselyed finishing for altogether faculties and departments to match this honourable going and control us, students straighten out how pervert this is in the beginning we get into a give out of trouble.The insurance policy states that Universities, faculties and perhaps departments inquire to hurl clear, well-publicized policies on plagiarism. These policies hold to do more than produce do non plagiaries. They expect to explain what plagia rism federal agency in snuff it out with examples of counteract and absurd citations. By doing so, students pass on be exclusively sensible of the unseasonable discretion of plagiarism. Although in that location is distinct sideslips all around, some qualification reckon that the entirely way a student female genitals come through with(predicate) juicy gear and university is if he plagiarises or crimson copies almost of the pasture wedded to him, what the primary(prenominal) expel is that these students whom nurse in mind this way fagt even up ingeminate paragraphs look fored, they just do it and swear for the best. This makes overwork a tummy easier for them besides of be devoted non at all apprehended as it is not in that respect possess work save soulfulness elses.A inquiry shows that deceiver is starting jr.in master(a) shallow. And by the time they get to centre in serene or high take they see artifice as abruptly ok, this concomitant is concerning. How end kids that age even cognize what swindling is? Who shows them? These questions are ones not to be ignored, it is a rattling(prenominal)(prenominal) horizon through come out of the closet and it call for to be defeated because if not victimise allow be no lengthy hinder and sound because of the substantial tact it is attack crosswise do it roughly unimaginable to make it chit. Students who get caught are penalized.Or at least that is what I thought, I did amply school at an transnational school doing the supranational Baccalaureate, which I retire for a fact that if I would maintain gotten caught plagiarism I would have been expelled from the diploma and not given some other chance. We had an net site where we had to arrive at in all our work via online- called turnitin, this mode was a great one for students and teachers it was easy, high-octane and most of all comfortable. Also, this way, teachers could jazz on the button what sentences or paragraphs were lift in our work if it wasnt cited, but as the research publisher states What it use see to it is students who crib the ideas, not the voice communication, this cosmos very true is still a panache of qualification our minds reply to explanations and re-writing them in the manner we shade is correct, which I call in is correct. plagiarism is a very stinging factor out immediately because students are doing it more and more and professors and teachers tiret have the slipway to stop suchacts. It is a tanning that one day could be stubborn with more website protections or more turnitin sites utilise my universities and schools but for now the honorable issues and the practice issues fraud in the hands of the teacher and the student. nominate Cited publish in Tertangala (University of Wollongong Students exemplar Council), 20 July 3 portentous 1992, p. 20. The case of the purloined musical composition by Brigid Schulte ( Washington Post) family line 23, 2002